Term
| what are the 2 kinds of hormones in vertebrates? |
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Definition
| water soluble and fat soluble |
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Term
| how do receptors for water soluble hormones work? fat soluble? |
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Definition
water soluble hormones cannot pass through phospholipid bilayer, so their ligand gated channels are located on the outside of the cells
fat soluble proteins CAN pass through the cell membrane, so their ligand gated channels are on the inside of the cell |
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Term
| how do the nervous and endocrine system work together? |
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Definition
neurons enter hypothalamus from other areas of the brain
the hypothalamus sends messages to the pituitary gland which then secretes the specific hormone |
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Term
| what are the 2 different glands in the pituitary and what are their general functions? |
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Definition
posterior: hormones are stored and ready
anterior: respond slower and can act longer |
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Term
| why is it called the pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| originally thought to control spit - has nothing to do with spit |
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Term
| what happens in the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus transport hormones down to the posterior pituitary to be stored. a nerve impulse arises when a hormone is needed and the posterior provides an immediate response |
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Term
| what happens in the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete and move release hormones to the anterior pituitary. The release hormones target the anterior lobe causing it to release a hormone to the rest of the body. |
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Term
| what lobes of the pituitary make what hormones? |
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Definition
posterior stores hormones made in the hypothalamus
anterior makes and stores its own hormones and releases them when releasing hormones target the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| what hormone deals with shock and where is it located? |
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Definition
vasopressin
keeps from going into shock from blood loss and is located in the posterior pituitary |
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Term
| what 2 main hormones are in the posterior pituitary lobe? what do they do? |
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Definition
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - signal releases if dehydrated
goes to kidney tubules to prevent water loss
Oxytocin - in mammary glands and uterine muscles
located in both males and females
known as the "love" hormone |
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Term
| what interferes with ADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do most hormones in the anterior pituitary have and what does this mean? |
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Definition
a tropic affect
release of 1 hormone causes the release of another hormone somewhere else |
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Term
| what 3 hormones are in the anterior lobe? |
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Definition
growth hormone
THS - thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Term
| what 2 hormones are in the adrenal cortex? what do they do? |
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Definition
glucocorticoid - food metabolism and anti-inflammatory
mineralcorticoids - regulate sodium balance |
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Term
| what kind of hormone is growth hormone? what does it target? what does an imbalance cause? how can this be fixed? |
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Definition
non-tropic and tropic, mostly non-tropic
targets muscles and bones
imbalances can cause pituitary giantism and dwarfism
can be fixed with recombinant DNA technology to speed up/slow down pituitary gland |
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Term
| what kind of hormone is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (THS)? what does the thyroid release? what does this do? (4 things) |
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Definition
tropic
causes the release of thyroxin from the thyroid
thyroxin regulates O2 intake and metabolism in cells, maintains temp in endotherms by inc. metabolism, and involved in metamorphosis in amphibians |
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Term
| what is the inside of a thyroid cell? what is it a precursor to? |
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Definition
colloid
precursor to thyroxin |
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Term
| why does pollution inhibit metamorphosis of amphibians? |
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Definition
| blocks/messes up the thyroxin |
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Term
| what happens if a person doesn't get enough iodide? |
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Definition
| develops a goiter - thyroid swells |
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Term
| what kind of hormone is the Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? what does it target? (specifically) what 2 hormones are released? what do they do? |
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Definition
tropic
targets adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids - food metabolism and anti-inflammatory response
mineralcorticoids - regulate Na+ balance |
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Term
| what does the adrenal cortex contain? |
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Definition
| many essential Hormones for controlling metabolism and 2 kinds of steroid hormones |
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Term
| what 2 hormones in the adrenal glands deal with reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to male birds when daylight increases (spring)? how does this work? |
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Definition
testes enlarge/produce sperm only
eyes sense increase in light, neural connections to hypothalamus causes gonadotropic releasing hormone to travel to anterior lobe. anterior lobe then releases gonadotropic hormone into the blood stream, travels to the testes and causes the release of testosterone |
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Term
| what does testosterone cause in male birds? |
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Definition
aggression, etc
also causes singing |
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Term
| what does the adrenal gland look like in a rat? |
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Definition
| small brown ball above kidney |
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Term
| what is the parathyroid controlled by? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hormone is released from the parathyroid and what does it do? what process is this associated with? |
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Definition
parathormone
causes release of Ca++ from bones when levels are low in blood
associated with muscle contraction |
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Term
| what is the cycle to do with the parathyroid? |
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Definition
if calcium levels are high, the thyroid releases calcitonin - that triggers Ca+ deposition in bones and dec of Ca+ uptake in kidneys and intestines
if calcium levels are low, the parathyroid releases parathormone and that triggers the release of Ca+ into blood stream from bones and and inc in uptake of Ca+ in kidneys and intestines |
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Term
| what enzymes does the pancreas secrete? what part secretes hormones? |
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Definition
pancreatic amylase, protease and lipase
the islets of Langerhans |
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Term
| what does the pancreas release if glucose levels are high? what does this hormone do? what does that help maintain? |
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Definition
insulin
bedy cells take up glucose and deposit it for CR
helps with homeostasis |
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Term
| what is the cycle to do with hormones in the pancreas? |
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Definition
in glucose levels are too high, the beta cells of the pancreas releases insulin which causes the body cells to take up more glucose and the liver to store glucose as glycogen
if glucose levels drop too low, the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon. glucagon then causes the liver to break down the glycogen and releases glucose into the blood |
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Term
| on a slide, what do islet of Langerhans cells look like? |
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Definition
| light patches of pancreas |
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Term
| what is the adrenal medulla controlled by? what does it release? what are they considered? what do they do? |
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Definition
not controlled by anterior pituitary
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
considered both neuronal and hormonal
initiate the fight or flight response, incresearing HR, BR, sweating, etc |
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