Types of water systems for grazing cattle

–Ponds & watering holes

–Wells

–Springs

–Streams

--Automatic Waterers

–Ponds & watering holes

–Wells

–Springs

–Streams

-Automatic waterers

Considerations when choosing a watering system for grazing beef cattle

–Distance to water

•

77% of time graze within 1200 ft of water

•

12% of time graze > 2400 ft from water

–Stock tank vs. pond

•75% of beef cattle prefer stock tank over pond

•23% greater gains when drinking from tank vs. pond

re products of photosynthesis

6 CO

2 + 6 H2O + 686 Kcal = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(glucose)

•Chlorophyll photosynthetic material

–1 g = 4000 calories (4 kcal)

•Serve as structural components in plants

•Plant method of storing energy

•Very little present in animals

–Used quickly or converted for storage

•Main energy source

•Excess energy stored as fat

–Cell wall (NDF)

•Hemicellulose

•Cellulose

•Lignin

–

Cell components + Pectins (soluble fiber)

•Organic acids

•Sugar

•Starch

•Fructans

•Sugars classified by the number of sugar molecules

–

Monosaccharides: (1 sugar)

•Glucose

•Fructose

•Galactose

•Mannose

–Disaccharides: (2 sugars)

•Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

•

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

•Maltose (2 glucose)

CHO with 1 sugar = Monosaccharide

•Glucose

–

Major end product in non-ruminants

CHO’s with 2 sugars= Disaccharide

Linked with glycosidic bond

CHO’s with many sugars=

Sugars are simple and digestible by almost all animals

•

Starches are a little more complex and not as uniformly digested by all species

–Amylose

•Seeds, fruits

–Amylopectin

•Potatoes, tubers

•

Poorer digestibility than amylose

Starch Digestion

Increase moisture content of starch source = greater digestibility

•Increased processing = greater digestibility

–Ground > cracked > whole

•Caution with ruminants

•Grain type

–Wheat > Barley > Oats > Corn > Milo

Overview of Sources of Carbohydrates "Energy Feedstuffs"

Cereal grains

–Corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats

•Amylose

•Roots and tubers

–Potatoes

•Amylopectin

•By-products

–Molasses, sucrose

–Beet pulp, bakery waste

Corn Carbohydrate Properties

Starch types

–

Amylose (25%) and amylopectin (75%)

•

Digestion in non-ruminants

–Small intestine

•

Amylose + Amylase  Glucose

•igestion in ruminants

–Microbial fermentation to VFA

Carbohydrate Nutritional Considerations of Wheat

Equal to corn in feeding value

•Could completely replace corn in some diets

•Generally too expensive

–Until wheat is less expensive than corn

•More rapidly digested than corn

–> risk of acidosis

•

Non-starch polysaccharides

–

Xylose and arabinoxylans

Lower starch content

•Higher fiber content

•

Contain poorly digested glucans

–β

– glucans

•Gummy, viscous

•Reduce intake, passage rate, fat absorption

•70% of dry matter is starch

–20% amylose and 80% amylopectin

–Raw starch is poorly digested

–Potato wastes

•

Up to 20-30% of diets

Carbohydrate Nutritional Considerations of Molasses

46% or greater sugars

•

2-5% of pelleted diets

•

Combined with urea to make high energy, high protein diets for ruminants

Carbohydrate Digestion in Non-ruminants

Mainly use the cell content portions

–Starch

•Digested using amylase enzymes

–Saliva = Salivary amylase

–Pancreas = Pancreatic amylase

•Broken down into glucose

Utilization of Fiber in Non-ruminants

Non-ruminants cannot effectively utilize the energy contained in the fibrous portions of feeds

Carbohydrate Digestion in Ruminants

•Ruminants can utilize starch, sugar, and fiber

•Microorganisms ferment CHO’s

–Bacteria

–Protozoa

–Fungi

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Acetic Acid (acetate)

–Oxidized for energy

–Milk fat

–Back fat

–Ketogenic

–Heat production

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Propionic Acid (propionate)

–Forms glucose

–

Anti-ketogenic

–Forms milk sugar

•50 – 70% of lactose from propionate

–Forms amino acids

–Intramuscular fat

–Low heat increment

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Energy source

–Develops rumen in young ruminants

–Ketogenic

–Low heat increment

Sugar Digestion in Ruminants

Rapid microbial fermentation

•Sugars → VFA’s → glucose

•Sources

–Molasses, beet pulp, citrus pulp, sucrose

Starch Digestion in Ruminants

Important energy source

–Feedlots and dairy

–Little in cow/calf

•Sources

–Corn, wheat, oats, barley and other cereal grains