Term
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Definition
| Slaughterhouse. Produces meat cuts for sale, and bones, offal, hair, feathers, and blood for rendering. |
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in Scotland. Bred for carcass and meat quality and maternal strength. May be red or black, but always a solid colour. Polled. |
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. Tourist accommodation: house exchange, B&B, RV campsite, student exchange. Leisure and recreation: golf, disk golf, pumpkin picking, corn mazes, dirt bikes, 4-wheelers, paint ball zones, war games. |
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Definition
| The number one nutrient for all animals. Without air an animal dies in approximately 2 minutes. Poor air quality effects production yields. |
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Definition
| A system where the area is cleaned only once all the animals have been removed. |
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Definition
| An increasingly important consumer concern. Housing of gestating and farrowing sows, weaning piglets too early, trucking regulations, handling of animals. Enhancing animal welfare may increase production costs. |
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Definition
| Cattle inspection just prior to slaughter. |
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Definition
| May be fed to cattle to decrease health problems. Includes Tylan. |
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Definition
| An apple shaped rear on a cattle when looked at from behind. A sign that the cattle will give good meat yield. |
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Definition
| Ends of short ribs can be felt by applying pressure. Backbone vertebrae are not visible. Area around anus is not sunken. |
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Definition
| Naturally produced by poultry for resistance to E. colia and salmonella. May be fed to swine. Non-toxic, and a resistance doesn't develop. |
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Mottled white and dark brown. |
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Definition
| Cattle feeding after being pastured and before the finishing feedlot. Can be pasture or dry lot. Lower cost forage and silage used. Gives cattle muscular structure. Acts as a buffer in beef production. |
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Definition
| A barn with an upstairs and a downstairs. |
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Definition
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Definition
| The most inconsistant meat in terms of qualities. So many variables in production, including traditions. Each beef farm has its own way. Cattle have a 6:1 feed conversion rate, but beef is highly valued by consumers. Beef cattle are fed forages, using land not capable of crop produciton. 49% of the carcass is not eaten. |
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Definition
| Beef cattle are bred for size, growth rate, milk production, adaptability, hardiness, carcass composition, and availability of management resources. |
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in Britain. Bred for quiet temperament. May be white, blue roan, black, or red. Horned. |
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Definition
| A form of farm diversification. Energy production. Can be made from cereal, forage, manure, and CO2. |
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Definition
| A big closed-off greenhouse in the desert near Phoenix. People stayed in it for 2 years. One guy went crazy and bashed a hole in the window and escaped. |
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in France. Dates back to the sixth century. Crosses well with other breeds. Heavily muscled. Solid wheat to dark brwn colour with lighter areas near the eyes, muzzle, inner legs, belly, and shins. |
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Definition
| A reproducing male pig. Can breed up to 20 sows. This ratio is higher using AI. |
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Definition
| An off-putting flavour in uncastrated boar meat. In some countries this is a desired quality. |
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Definition
| The removal of bones from the carcass in beef processing. |
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. White with a greyish overtone. Friendly cows, but don't turn your back on them. |
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Definition
| A mature, uncastrated, male cattle. Can breed 30 cows. This ratio is higher with AI. |
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Definition
| An alternative to rendering. |
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Definition
| A product from churning cream. Composed of anhydrous milkfat and fractions. There is sweet and salted butter. |
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Definition
| May be fed to cattle. Corn gluten, distillers grain, cannary waste, potato waste, soybean hulls. |
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Definition
| A baby cattle. Usually born at a cow-calf operation. How long it is kept with the mother is up to the farmer's opinion. Female dairy claves are turned into replacement cows. Male calves, unless their genetics is good, are rasied for veal. |
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Definition
| Fed 8L of colostrum in the first day of life. After that 8L - 12L of whole milk daily. Multiple feedings is best. Weaned at 4 to 8 weeks. Given water and palatable calf starter with roughage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A little plastic calf house. Can get hot in the sun. The chains attaching the calves to them can sometimes hang the calf if it falls over and can't get up. |
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Definition
| The first solid food fed to calves when weaning. Textured or pelleted. Can be flavoured to encourage consumption. Calves like black pepper flavour and watermelon. |
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Definition
| When a cow gives birth to a calf. For British breeds, the calf weighs 35 - 40 kg. For cross breeds, it weighs 40 - 50 kg. For European breeds, 50 - 60 kg. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A grade of beef. Bright red meat with white fat with traces of slight marbling. |
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Definition
| A grade of beed. Has slightly more marbling than Canada A. |
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Term
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Definition
| A grade of beef. Small marbling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A grade of beef. Slightly abundant marbling. |
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Definition
| Alberta has the biggest beef industry of the provinces. Average herd size is 63. Not controlled by quota. Over 75% of beef imports and exports are from/to the US. The US has 10 times our beef production. |
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Definition
| Quebec has the biggest dairy industry of the provinces. Controlled by quota. It is a crime to sell milk that has antibiotics in it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cutting in half of a carcass. One of the first steps of meat processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined by maturity, marbling, muscling, external fat covering, appearance, lean/fat, and sex of animal. |
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Definition
| A major beef processor in Ontario. Processes 1800 head a day. |
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Definition
| A hot water rince of a carcass followed by an organic acid. An important microbial intervention method. Approved by CFIA and major customers. |
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Definition
| Beef breed originated in France. Adaptable to a wide range of environments. Good muscling. Used in crossbreeding. White to cream coloured. Polled or horned. |
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Definition
| The first milk from a cow prior to calving. It is vitally important that the calf consume it. Filled with the necessary bacteria for proper rumen function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. Offering small plots for people to grow vegetables, et cetera, for personal use. Educational training modules, urban agriculture, organic agriculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative to rendering. By-products are blended and kept at a high enough temperature to kill all bacteria and viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from milk culturing. No rennet is used. |
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Term
| Country of origin labelling |
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Definition
| Required for pork as of 2004. Where the animal was raised, slaughtered, and processed. Reduces pig imports from the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calves are separated by wooden walls so they can't tough each other. Reduces disease spread, however flies can cause contamination anyway. Prevents calves from socilizing, and makes air "blind spots". |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature female cattle. Estrous cycle is 21 days. After calving it is 30 days. Cow inseminated 80 days after calving to maintaing yearly calving interval. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces breeding stock for beef operations. Wean calves at 500 - 600 lbs (7 - 8 months). Income is from selling weaned calf, bulls, replacement heifers, and bred heifers. Most of the costs are to winter feed. Cows must be fed feed that corresponds to their body's needs at their stage in pregnancy/lactation. The period of greatest nutrient requirements is the 80 days between calving and breeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from separating milk. Can be churned into butter or buttermilk. Can be used to make ice cream, sauces, and other food ingredients. |
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Term
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Definition
| All cheeses other than cottage cheese. A product from culturing and renneting milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chopped up beef bones. Have value as dog treates or in processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Before shipping, meat cuts are packaged in refridgerated vacuum-sealed bags. They are screened through a water bath and magnet to enure there are no holes in the bag and no pieces of metal in the meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be simple and consistent. The three sisters: corn, alfalfa an high moisture corn silage. Possible supplements/additives: soybean, cottonseed, distiller grain, molasses, oats, barle, corn gluten, urea, fish meal, rumensin, fat, by-pass amino acids, yeast cultures, discarded vegetables, bakery wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gestation is 284 days. Hiefers are bred at 13 to 15 months, and rebred 45 to 100 days after calving. Lactation lasts 305 days. Dry period is 45 to 60 days. While cycling through lactation cycles, the cow's dry matter intake and body weight fluctuates greatly. At some point, a cow may be growing, pregnant, and lactating. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of the carcass's hide shortly after slaughtering. |
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Term
| Developing country dair farming |
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Definition
| Hand milking. Small herds. Production is for personal use. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic disturbance in cows, especially transition cows. The abomasum rides up onto the left side of the cow, reducing rumen volume. Causes colic. Treated by stapling the rumen to the left side of the cow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A classification of pork. pH was too high at time of slaughter. Good quality meat, but the shelf life is very short. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of dry matter being eaten by a cow. Difficult to moniter if all the animals feed from the same trough. When first brought to a feedlot, it is 2.8% of the body weight of the cattle. At marketing it is 1.9%. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig breed with medium sow productivity and carcass quality. Has excellent growth rate. Brown coloured pig. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ends of the short ribs just out sharply. Backbone vertebrae are prominent. Area around anus is sunken and vulva is prominent. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. Wind, solar, geothermal, composting, bio-gas. |
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Term
| Environmental impact of pork production |
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Definition
| Nutrients from maure leach into soil, greenhouse gasses (CH4, NO2, CO2), odours, harmful microbes. Larger units increasing the negative effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expected Progeny Difference |
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Term
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Definition
| EU has very strict regulations about supply management of dairy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of offal from the carcass. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of pork production unit. Buys weaners from pig breeders and grows and finishes them |
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Term
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Definition
| A crate for a nursing sow. An animal welfare concern; the sow is very uncomfortable for 4 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
A factor effecting carcass quality. Texture and colour of fat influence consumer acceptance. Fat cover affects meat yield.
Fat can be recovered in rendering. It is sticky and doesn't flow well. Can get into the clothing and skin of rendering plant workers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone structure is not visible. Thighs curve outwards. Brisket, flanks, and chine are rounded. |
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Term
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Definition
| A by-product of the poultry industry. Can be rendered into plastics such as for computer chips. The protein nature is almost the same as metal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical silos (oxygen tight), bunkers, heaps, wrapped bales, dry hay, commodity sheds, and TMR mixers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig weighing approximately 25 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of unit in pork production. Buys piglets from pig breeders and feeds them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The stage in cattle feeding after backgrounding. May be outdoors. Most of the costs are feed. Higher quality feed; grain, roughage, protein supplement, byproducts. Grains are energy dense, decrease production costs, and increase quality of end product. Gives intramuscular marbling prior to slaughtering. Marketted after 3 to 6 months in the feedlot. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig weighing 60 kg to 105 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| 57% of fish carcass is not eaten. |
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Term
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Definition
| A barn that is flushed daily with rushing water over the floor. Be careful about manure getting on the udder. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy barn style where cows are allowed to roam in and out of stalls. For milking, cows are herded to the parlour area. The second most common barn style in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double purpose cattle breed originated in Germany. Focused more on beef these days. Heavy muscling, good carcass quality. Furry and brown. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must be kept in separate stalls from each other or have individual feeding stalls, for animal welfare concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| A young female pig. Until slaughter or first farrowing. Sometimes will eat her first litter if stressed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from beef tallow. Can be used to make explosives. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be fed to feedlot cattle. Corn, barley, wheat, milo, oats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig weighing 25 to 60 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stage in pork production. Buys fed pigs from feeder pig units and finishes them. Fast lean growth results in fast weight gain, good feed efficiency, and high carcass yield. Feed is the main cost. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Mottled white and brown. |
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Term
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Definition
| A by-product that is rendered. Doesn't break down unless emulsified. Sticks everywhere and can wreak machinery. |
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Term
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Definition
| A breed of pig with low sow productivity, medium growth rate, but good carcass quality. It is grey with a pink stripe. |
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Term
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Definition
| The short ribs can only be felt with firm pressure. Fat deposit around the pin bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cow before her first calving. Fed roughage supplemented with whole or processed grain (textured or pelleted). Cows hit puberty at approximately 10 to 12 months May be fed on feedlots. Require slightly more feed than steers, and gain weight slower. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A beef breed. The "Jersey of beef". Originated in England. Hardy, good growth, calves easily. Bulls are docile. Cross well with other breeds. Reddish-brown colour with white on head and chest. The white face is a dominant trait. Polled or horned. |
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Term
| High-speed low-velocity fan |
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Definition
| A small but very noisy basket-shaped fan. Blades spin very fast, but the air is moving at a low velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in Scotland. Can survive and reproduce in extreme climates and poor grazing conditions. Double coat that is oiled, shedding rain and snow. Commonly brindle red colour, but can be black, yellow, white, or dun. Horned. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig in grower to finisher stage. 25 kg - 110 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Mottled white and black. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative to rendering. Can harvest energy. There is the technology to do this with zero emissions by running the exhaust through water. |
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Term
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Definition
| When something unfortunate happens to a cow (she is injured, et cetera), and you have to cull her. |
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Term
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Definition
| A treatment for cattle that increases rumen fermentation efficiency. Decreases acidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Light brown with a dark face, underside, and legs. Fairly high milk production. Milk is slightly higher in fat and protein than a Holstein's. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease in cows that is a chronic progressive enteric disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic disturbance, especially in transition cows. Too much lactation, and not enough nutrients. The cow can die. |
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Term
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Definition
| A breed of pig with medium sow productivity, medium growth rate, and medium carcass quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cow health problem caused by environmental conditions. A curved forward back shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative to rendering. Fills landfills up very quickly. |
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Term
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Definition
| A breed of pig with medium sow productivity, medium growth rate, and medium carcass quality. Pink with floppy ears. Male Landraces are often bred to female Yorkshires. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large calves 275 - 320 kg in weight go to a finishing feedlot for 180 to 225 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic and behavioural modifier in livestock. Humans use too much technology at night and it messes up their sleeping cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in France. Very high meat quality. Good instincts. Colour ranges from golden wheat to deep red-gold. Black is rare. Polled or horned. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Low-speed high-velocity fan |
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Definition
| A large, quiet, ceiling fan. Blades spin very slowly but the air is moving at a high velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Beef breed originated in France. Quick growth rate, good milking ability, and good disposition. Dark red or black and white patterns, or solid red or black. Polled or horned. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor effecting carcass quality. Meat marbling affects jucieness and tenderness. Colour and texture of meat influence consumer acceptance. The amount of marbling determines the grade of the cut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chewing. A cow chews 33 thousand times a day, producing 300 liters of saliva a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the teats. Can be contagious from cow to cow, or environmental. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor effecting carcass quality. The age of the animal effects the tendernes of the meat. |
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Term
| Maximum lifetime efficiency |
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Definition
| The number of heatlhy piglets a sow produces in her lifetime. Depends on reproductive lifespan, number of piglets per litter, number of litters per year, and weaning weight of piglets. |
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Term
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Definition
| People chose meat for: taste, health, appearance, emotional (animal welfare), convenience, tradition, and seasonal reasons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medium calves 225 - 275 kg in weight go to a background feedlot for 100 to 120 days, then to a finishing feedlot for 100 to 150 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk from cows when milked at nighttime. The milk is high in melatonin, a natural sleep enhancing medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dward dairy cattle breed. Adult cows are small in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| A new technology in milk. Filters the milk and increases its quality. Removes milk sensitivity factors (proteins fro mdead bacteria). |
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Term
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Definition
Composition: fats, proteins, lactose, and water.
Can be separated into cream and skim. These can be blended back together to get skim, 1%, 2%, homo, and various types of cream. Sugar and flavour may be added.
Milk is the only agricultural product where you are not paid for water content. It takes 700 L of blood to make 1 L of milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolic disturbance, especially in transition cows. When there isn't enough calcium in the diet, the cow's metabolism draws calcium from her bones. First symptom is shaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat is $9.69/kg. Protein is $9.72/kg. OS is $1.80/kg. Total value is $24.94 per cow per day. |
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Term
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Definition
| DMI + water + rest. Comfort of the cow is very important to dairy yield. |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular white mark sometimes found on a cow. Suspicions say that this makes the cow a good milker, but there is no evidence to support this. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Dark brown with white speckles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small calf 160 - 225 kg goes to pasture for 120 to 150 days, then to backgrounding for 100 to 120 days, ten to a finishing feedlot for 100 to 150 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cow after her first calving. |
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Term
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Definition
Different stages of pork production occuring on different farms Sow units, weaner units, and finishing units.
Advantages: minimal disease transfer, specialization.
Disadvantages: requires co-ordination, large volumes of pigs, managing early-weaned piglets, needs qualified labour. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beef breed originated from Australia. Cross of the Shorthorn and Angus. Calves easily, good maternal instincts. Hardy and docile. Silvery grey in colour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conformation. A factor effecting carcass quality in beef. Meat yield is determined by muscling. |
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Term
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Definition
| New Zealand is the largest dairy exporter in the world. Cows are mainly in pasture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. Lupins, wild flowers, herbs, spices, ginseng, hemp, agroforestry, test plots. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. Pets, apiculture, vermiculture, vermicomposting, heliciculture, fishing ponds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piglets are weaned at 2 to 5 weeks of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused my ammonia, amines, sulphuring compounds, volatile fatty acids, indoles, and phenols. Has adverse effect on people (ambience, irritation of eyes and nose), and animals (disease immunity, reduced reproduction). |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing in popularity due to environmental awareness, health, declining, costs, mainstreaming, Worldwide Harmonization of Organic Standards, and capital investments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production is increasing. |
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Term
| Pale, soft, excudative meat (PSE) |
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Definition
| Pale, soft pork. Caused by genetics, pre-slaughter handling, and pre-slaughter nutrition. pH in muscle is too low at slaughtering. Can be avoided by having the pig unstressed at time of slaughtering, and withdrawing feed 6 to 12 hours before slaughter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dairy cows allowed to graze outdoors in a field. Good for cow psyche, but there is risk of contracting disease. |
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Term
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Definition
A stage in pig production. Breeding, sow, and piglet operation. Sells piglets to farrow to finish or feeder/grower units.
The boar need to be present for AI, for pheremones. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60% energy, 25% protein, 8% phosphorus, 7% vitamins + minerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composition effected by diet. Can contain salmonella and E. coli. Can have bedding or water added. An important source of organic matter for soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigs are bred for growth rate, reproduction, feed efficiency, carcass quality, disease resistance, hardiness, character (mothering), and feed intake capacity. Crossbreeding lines is common to maximize on these. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dual purpose cattle breed originated from Austria. Used mainly for beef. Medium size and has a gentle temperament. Colour ranges from chestnut, light brown, to dark brown. White stripe of varying width along the back and loins. White rump and tail. Horned or polled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puberty comes late, lower conception rates, calving is difficult, calf mortality, increased gestation period, lighter calf weaning weight, decrease in lifetime productivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most popular meat on Earth. Consumption exceeds all other meats combined. Quality depends on genetics, health, environment (thermal, social, air), nutrition, price (resources, products), and regulations. |
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Term
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Definition
| 30% of the poultry carcass is not eaten. Controlled by supply management. There is a guarantee on investment into poultry. Issues include food safety, the environment, animal welfare, and health. |
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Term
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Definition
| First pregnancy at 15 to 24 months of age. Gestation is 280 days. Fed roughage (alfalfa, grass, oats, or barley), supplemented with protein, minerals, and vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cow after her first calving and before her second. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be fed to cattle. SBM, canola meal, urea, by-products. |
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Term
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Definition
Consistency, tenderness, flavour, appearance, shelf-life, ease of preparation.
Beef has the widest diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| For dairy, $25,000 for a daily kg of fat. Comes to $30,000 a cow. |
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Term
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Definition
| A place in a barn where a bird might build a nest. Birds can then poop in the feed and cause disease in the barn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Good quality grass or hay provided. Vaccinations. Deworming. Dehorning. Castration. Treat health problems. PReventative health programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy cattle breed. Mottled white and red. |
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Term
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Definition
| The recycling of used cooking oil, bones, offal, hair, feathers, blood, downers, fat, and farm motalities. Separated into water, fat, protiens, and minerals. First it is heated to evaporate water and sterilize. End products are sold to the feed industry, pet food industry, and manufacturing. Must be careful: there are regulations against feeding animals products from their own kind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heifers brought into replace older breeding cows. 16% - 18% of the herd is replaced every year. 32% - 36% of female beef calves are destined to to be replacement heifers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeds each calf between 6 and 10 L a day. Reduces labour. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy barn style where cows are allowed to roam freely in and out of stalls. For milking, the cow enters a robotic milking stall on her own. Inside there is a treat for her. The least common barn style in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "cow-go-round". A large circular slowly spinning structure. Cows board it, are milked, and then discharged after a full rotation. Takes up less space, and cows enjoy going around. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be fed to cattle. Corn silage, haylage, hay, straw. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requries syncrhonization of nutrients to maximize bacterial output. 75% energy, 60 - 70% protein. A good forage to concentrate ration is needed. Rumen bacteria protein has the highest correlation with milk production needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The biggest problem in animal rendering. Salmonella is eliminated through the Chad carcass wash. |
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Term
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Definition
| The best bedding for dairy cows. It is very comfortable for the cow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taking other peoples' ideas and making money off it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor effecting carcass quality in bef. Masculinity effects meat colour and palatability. |
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Term
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Definition
Ship High In Transit
The acronym that lead to the curse word. Manure has to be shipped near the top areas of a boat because the fumes coming of it can be flammable. |
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Term
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Definition
| A beef breed originated in England. The "foundation breed". Used in the development of many breeds. Hardy, strong maternal instincts, good temperament. red, white, roan, or combination of red and white. Horned or polled. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dual purpose cattle breed originated in Switzerland. Used mainly for beef. Heavy muscling. High percentage of prime cuts without excess fats. Colour ranges from light tan to dark red, with white markings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from separating milk. Can be condensed to produce water evaporated, condensed, or sweetened skim or whole milk, skim powder is used for ice cream and other food ingredients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cattle are drawn through a curved shot so they can't see what's ahead, then a pneumatic bolt to the head. Hogs are electrocuted or gassed before being bled out. |
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Term
| Slaughtering/processing plants |
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Definition
| Buys finished hogs from grower finisher units, and slaughers and processes them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from culturing milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| The best place in the world. Huge fresh-water lakes that are water sources as well as microclimate providers. Politically stable. |
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Term
| Southern US dairy farming |
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Definition
| Large herds, typically outdoor stalls. Government allows for use of growth hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproducing female pig. First bred at 120 kg. Produce average of 2.3 litters per year, 5 per lifetime. 115 day gestation. 17 - 28 days of lactation. 9 - 12 per litter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat-coated meat invented during WWI. Provides animal protein to soldiers with minimum risk of poisoning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A major beef processor in Ontario. Processes 2,000 head a day. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig from weaning to 25 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mature, castrated male cattle. Fed on feedlots. Require slightly less feed than heifers, and put weight on faster. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diversification of farming. |
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Term
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Definition
| 44% of the carcass is not eaten. |
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Term
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Definition
Problem: lose around $50 per hog.
China is the world's greatest producer and consumer of pork.
Challenges: diseases, food safety, quality, animal welfare, competition, and the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ends of short ribs can be felt. Backbone vertebrae and vulva are less visibly prominent than in an emaciated cow. Gain weight faster than a fat cow does. |
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Term
| Three sisters of dairy cow feed |
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Definition
| Corn, alfalfa, and high moisture corn silage. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy barn style where cows are tied to stalles and the milking machinery is brought to them. They most common barn style in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scanning technology used to determine what the meat tenderess of a cattle will be prior slaughter. A calm, unstressed cattle will be tenderer. Stressed cattle can be screened and given Gatorade before slaughter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cow three weeks prior to or three weeks after calving. Transitioning from dry to lactating or vise versa. Dry matter intake is reduced, and there is high risk for metabolic disturbances such as ketosis, milk fever, or displaced abomasum. |
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Term
| Ultra-high temperature milk |
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Definition
| Milk that you do not have to refridgerate. Cheapter to transport, but the taste is a bit different. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to measure fat content of a pig. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of farm diversification. Artisan products, fibres, micro-breweries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using worms in composting. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a cow's production levels are so low that it is more economical to cull her than to keep milking her. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Japanese beef breed that is fed beer. Meat is so tender you can eat it with a spoon. Very expensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The #2 (after air) most important nutrient for all animals. Animal can go a few days to up to a week without it before dying. Maintains osmotic balance, essential hydrolysis reactions in the body, temperature regulation. A constituent of milk. A solvent and transport medium. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cattle breed. Can be milked, but they don't like it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A calf being weaned off of milk. Fed calf started. Weighs 160 - 320 kg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from culturing and renneting milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk made by cows who grazed in a wildflower meadow. The nutriceuticals in the weeds improved the taste of milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product from culturing milk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pig breed with low growth rate, medium carcass quality, but excellent sow productivity. Pink with erect ears. Female Yorkshires are often bred to male Landraces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Controlled insemination of ewes so that they produce more lambs per year than they would naturally. Requires more management than pasture lambing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of validity. When a measure is free from systematic errors. |
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Term
| African wild cat feeding behaviour |
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Definition
| Seek food solitarily. Feeds frequently on small meals. Consumes food slowl. Obligate carnivores; only eats carrion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Arthritis, brain aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hepatic disourders, oral health problems, cancer, renal diseases, pancreatic insufficiency, and urolithiasis. Pets are more susceptible to them since they live longer than other domestic animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bubble of air inside an egg formed at the wide end of the egg while the egg cools after being laid. The fresher the egg, the smaller it is. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Egg white
Contains 3 g of protein, riboflavin, and water. Two thirds of the egg's weight. When a fresh egg is broken, it stands up firmly around the yolk. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of aquaculture. Includes ulva lactuca, nori nori, kelp, and enteromorpha. |
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Term
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Definition
A common problem for pets. The relative humidity should be 40% - 60%. If it drops below 30%, bacteria may enter the pet.
Animals may be allergic to dust.
There are hypoallergenic diets for pets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A camelid. Grown for breeding stock, pets, and fibre. Produce 5 - 10 lbs of fibre a year, 3 - 4 lbs of prime blanket fleece. Fleece is strong, light, fine, and warm. Custom mills process the fibres into quality yarns and products, such as socks and sweaters. Limited markets. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy goat breed. Long lactation periods. Produce high quantity and quality milk. Large, well-shaped udders. Milk is 3.5% butterfat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes deer, elk, bison, and wild boar. Local niche markets. Provincially inspected abattoirs. Lacks substantive markets. Insufficient supplies to support supermarket distribution. Lack of marketing; consumers are often unaware of the products. Higher production cost than other meats. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fibre goat breed. Produce up to 25% of their body weight, 4 - 5 kg, in mohair annually. Clipped twice a year Used to clear brush. Turkey, South Africa, and Texas are the largest producers of mohair in the world. |
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Term
| Anti-anxiety diet pet food |
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Definition
| Includes hydrolyzed milk protein and tryptophan to maintain emotional balance. Provides nutritional support for animals in stressful situations or undergoing behavioural therapy for anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bar in a farrowing crate that slows the mother pig as she lays down, giving piglets time to get out of the impact zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The farming of any animal or plant in an aquatic environment. Finfish, molluscs, invertebrates, plants, crustaceans, amphibians, and reptiles. Started in 3500 BC in China, Rome, Egypt, and Hawaii. The amount of fish produced by aquaculture is going up. Over 340 species are farmed, with intense focus on 20 species, mainly freshwater finfish. 88% of the world's aquaculture occurs in Asia. Product prices are stagnant or decreasing, and input costs are increasing. Needs more efficient feeds and reduce wastes. Concerns about health and safety of products. Limited access to genetically improved stock. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish are raised in fully submerged cages in the ocean. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system that is integrated with a hydroponic plant production system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A breed of sheep developed at the Animal Research Centre of Ottawa. Produce more lambs per pregnancy than other breeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
| Automatic watering system |
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Definition
| Used on mink famrs. Water lines and nipples. Re-circulating systems with continuous flow will not freeze in the winter, but non-re-circulating systems wil freeze, so much be replaced with a garden hose or manual systems in the winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low to high fear negative response. Caused by negative or neutral interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg-laying chicken breed. Also used for meat. Originated in the US in the 19th century. Lays small brown eggs. Egg production decreases in the winter. Cocks are 8 - 9.5 lbs. Hens are 7.5 lbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small cages that can hold 4 to 5 chickens. Cages on the bottom shelves don't get as much light as the top chickens. |
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Term
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Definition
| In large pig barns, all employees have to shower before entering or exiting the barn, and cannot have been in another pig barn in the last 2 days. None of the clothes leave the barn (washed in the barn). All supplies are fumed. All feed is irradiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative livestock grown for meat. A North American species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of aquaculture. Includes green mussels, clams, giant clams, pearls, oysters, and scallops. |
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Term
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Definition
| A meat goat breed. Originated in South Africa. Fast growth rate. Excellent carcass quality. High disease resistance. Breeds throughout the year. Most popular breed for meat goats. Used as sires in cross-breeding programs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 75 days old. 5.29 kg. Feed conversion is 2.07 kg of feed for every kg of meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| It takes 40 to 48 days to grow a chick to market weight. Broilers are usually raised on the floor, not in battery cages. Slaughtered at provincially and federally inspected plants. Broilers are the 5th generation from a pure bloodline of breeding stock. 2nd generation is extended blood lines, 3rd is crosses, 4th is a multiplier flock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laid by brown-feathered hens. Cost more to produce than white eggs because brown hens are larger and eat more. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A male goat between 6 and 12 months of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish are raised in cages in lakes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A popular companion animal. 35% of households in Canada have at least one cat. There are 8.4 million cats. $632.5 million is spent on cat food annually. They are not very active creatures, so are susceptible to obesity. Cats cannot survive on a vegetarian diet. Cats have no water appetite because their ancestors consumed moisture-filled carrion. This can lead to kidney diseases. Canned food, water fountains, and gels are a solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of spiral bands in an egg that anchor the yolk at the centre of the albumen. The fresher the egg, the more prominent the chalazae is. |
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Term
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Definition
| A versatile meat. Is very rarley "bad". Can go with anything. Is very popular. Chicken eggs incubate for 21 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chickens are hung by their feet upside down and their heads dragged through an electrified bath that stuns them unconscious. Their necks are then cut and they are bled out then the head and feathers and viscera are removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bivalve produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number one killer of horses. Caused by feeding grain in large meals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
| Companion animal industry |
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Definition
| By prolonging and enhancing pet life, it benefits the human-animal bond. Pets are owned for companionship. Lowers stress, improved cardiovascular health, and reduces depression. This bond is reinforced with training, exercise, enrichment, owner education, medical care, and nutrition. Pets live longer than other domestic animals, so are more susceptible to age-related diseases. Protected from predators, have medical care, and a constant supply of tailored nutrition. Food is dehydrated, making them susceptible to oral health problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A low fear positive response. Caused by positive interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of reliability. When repeated measures of the same construct produce the same result. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of specificity. When conceptually related measures are empirically related to each other. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative livestock. A North American species. Grown for meat, antler, antler velvet, and hunting. Susceptible to chronic wasting disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A device for feeding fish. When the fish hit a pendulum, some feed is released. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A female goat between 6 and 12 months of age. First bred at 6 to 8 months of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| A popular companion animal. 32.3% of households have at least one dog. There are 5 million dogs. $933 million is spent on dog food annually. Needs water for cooling. Dehydration is a common problem in dogs. Some studies show that dogs can thrive on a vegetable-based diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extra large size egg that has two yolks. About 50% of extra large eggs are double-yolke. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fish that can survive in freshwater or saltwater. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of specificity. When conceptually independent measures are empirically independent of each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the sport & leisure horse industry Includes carriages and combined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mink feed in pellets. Used on small farms. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is no quota for ducks. Duck eggs can be eaten. Incubated duck eggs are a delicacy in Vietnam. Duck eggs incubate for 28 days. Duck meat is gamier than chicken. |
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Term
| Duck-fish integrated systems |
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Definition
| An aquaculture system integrated with a duck production system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collected and graded at grading stations where they are candled, packaged, and distributed. In Europe eggs are not refrigerated. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative livestock. A North American species. Grown for meat, antler, antler velvet, and hunting. Susceptible to chronic wasting disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the sport & leisure horse industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the sport & leisure horse industry. Includes ponies and 4H clubs, eventing/combined training, dressage, hunters/jumpers, show horses, hunt clubs, polo, and pleasure riding. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any species that is not domesticated, including captive and free-ranging wildlife, and exotic pets. Kept in zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centres, game parks, sanctuaries, conservation areas, and illegaly in homes. Nutrition is a challenge because there is limited research and wide diversity of nutritional needs. Kept for education (hands-on learning, public awareness), research (behaviour, pysiology, reproduction), and species preservation (genetic conservation, habitat destruction, climate change, poaching, over-hunting, biodiversity). |
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Term
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Definition
| No inputs. Relies solely on natural foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of scientific validity. When the method has practical relevance in other situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg weighing at least 63 grams. About 50% of extra large eggs are double-yolked. |
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Term
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Definition
Feed, Air, Water, Litter
An acronym for things that can go wrong in a poultry barn. |
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Term
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Definition
| A category of aquaculture. Includes tilapia, catfish, common carp, Indian major carp, cod, salmon, rainbow trout, and arctic charr. Have good feed conversion, but the feed is expensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can consist of aquatic and land animal protein meal and lipids, microbial feed ingredients, cereal (by-products), meals and oils, and/or oilseed meals, pulses, or oils. A common feed ingredient is fish meal and fish oil, depending on the species. Nutrients need to be broken down before fed to fish. Dissolvability, sinking rates, water stability, and feeding strategy need to be considered. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priced $5.00 - $5.50 a carton. Nutritionally the same as regular eggs. Hens are housed on the floor of a barn with food and water at stations. Daily access to outdoor pen or pasture (in Ontario, only during the spring and summer). Fed grain and supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priced $4.00 - $4.50 a carton. Nutritionally the same as regular eggs. Hens are housed on the floor of a barn. Sometimes eggs are laid in the litter, so freshness may be compromised. Fed grains and supplements, plus anything they find on the barn floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where mink pelts are sold. In North America the two main ones are the North American Fur Auction and the American Legend Cooperative. There are hundreds of international buyers, mainly in China, Korea, and Russia. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Growing pen
aka Pelting pen
Where a mink lives during the majority of its life. Must be at least 12 inches high and at least 186 cubed inches in size. Includes a nesting box, either a drop-in box or an overhead box. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes pheasants, partridges, quail, pigeons, and squab. There are licensed hatcheries. Game bird hunting preserves are permitted in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| A home of exotic species. Large multi-species drive-through enclosures. Double fencing. Nutrition is similar to natural source, but there is an inability to migrate. Rescue feeding may be necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Goose eggs can be eaten. Goose eggs incubate for 29 - 31 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slight depression on the surface of an egg yolk. The entry point for fertilization of the egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bivalve produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing population, increasing urbanization, decreasing freshwater, decreasing fertilizer sources, decreasing arable land, CO2 emissions, climate change, seasonal, regional, and climatic restrictions on agriculture, food waste, and increasing demand for fresh, local, and safe food. A solution may be vertical farming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lifespan is 9 - 11 years. Gestation is 5 months. Estrus cycle is 18 -21 days. There are 862 million goats worldwide, mainly in developing countries. Produce milk, meat, and fibre. The "cow of the poor". Produce 2% of the world's milk, in developing countries 83% of milk. Goats can adapt to adverse conditions, reproduce quickly, and eat poor quality forages. Ontario has the most goats of all the provinces. There are 147 goat farms in Ontario. No quota is required for goats. Ontario slaughters 70% of Canada's goats. |
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Term
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Definition
| 70% of goat milk is turned into goat cheese. Can be flavoured. Includes cheddar, mozzarellla, feta, brie, and gouda. May be made into salad dressing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes caprine arthritis encephalitis, caseous lymphadenitis, fatty liver disease, white muscle disease, mastitis, foot rot, pneumonia, internal parasites, bacterial infections, Q-fever, and scrapie. |
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Term
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Definition
| For dairy, total mixed rations with hay or wheat straw. Meat goats are pastured; corn silage, baylage, cereal grains. Salt and minerals are added. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3.5% fat. 3% protein. 13% less lactose than cow's milk. Higher in calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. Easier for humans to digest, espeially the elderly, sick, babies, children, and people with allergies. Can be used on orphaned foals and puppies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bivalve produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| We grow to share, train, prepare, retail, wholesale, clean, heal, and develop. Healtheir food and lifestyles lead to reduced healthcare costs. Engagin the public on nutritional awareness and connection to the earth and community. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical farming experiment in Guelph. Maximizing sustainabilit, engaging many different industries, reformation of agriculture and society. Four aesthetically unique cantilevered towers that maximize natural light capture. |
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Term
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Definition
1 hh = 4 inches
A measurement of distance used to measure the size of a horse. Measured from the ground to the horse's wither. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fermented hay. More expensive than hay. Usually fed to dairy cattle. Can be fed to horses as long as it has a low moisture content. |
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Term
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Definition
| A female turkey. 96 days, 7.87 kg. Feed conversion is 2.31 kg of feed for 1 kg of meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tool used to measure the body weight and fat of a pig before slaughter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fastst racing mammal. Altheticism due to their VO2 max. Horses have superior night vision to humans, but their eyes take longer to adjust to changes in light intensity. They have a blind spot directly in front of them, but have a wider range of vision. They are naturally wide range herd prey animals. Horses that live in stalls have higher stress than field horses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The manure of all hroses in a herd are tested for worms. The 50% of the horses that have the highest egg counts are dewormed. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a horse, the part that contains bacteria capable of digesting fibre is the cecum, which comes after the stomach and intenstines. Horses require 2% - 3% of their body weight in feed every day. Water and longstem fibre. The horse GIT works better when "trickle fed" many small meals through the day rather than a few large meals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alberta has the largest number of hroses of the provinces. Herd sizes are decreasing. Includes sports & leisure, racing, service industry (vet care, housing), and food sectors. Mkes $19.6 billion annually. Employs 154,000 people. Horses are the only livestock where GST is charged on purchasing them. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who are into riding horses. They are most often ageed between 50 and 60, well-educated, financially well-off, own other pets, and have 10+ years of riding experience. 85% of horse people are female. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horses are vaccinated for EEE/EWE, raibies, tetanus, West Nile, and influenza. |
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Term
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Definition
| 680,000 metric tonnes are produced every year. Some people are opposed to eating horse. Horses are not raised as meat animals; they are not put in feedlots like other meat animals; meat is not traceable and may have drugs in it. China produces the most horse meat. Canada is the 12th biggest proucer. The US is 4th. In the US it is prohibited to inspect horsemeat with federal funds, so instead live horses are exported, mainly to Mexico. |
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Term
| Horticulture-fish integrated system |
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Definition
| An aquaculture system that is integrated with a horticultural production system. |
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Term
| Human-animal relationship |
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Definition
| Composed of positive and negative interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not permitte in Ontario. But Ontario deer, elk, and wild boar may be exported to the US where they are permitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A low fear positive response. Caused by neutral or positive interactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dependent on feed inputs with minor contribution from natural food sources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A component of scientific validity. When the method answers the research question. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An egg weighing at least 70 grams. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A meat breed of sheep. Lacks wool, has hair. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A goat less than one year of age. Includes bucklings and doelings. In dairy breeds they are removed from the mother at birth and given milk replacer. Dehorned at 2 - 3 weeks fo age. Male kids are sold at 3 - 4 months of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dual purpose milk and meat goat breed. Has short ears. High milk prouciton. Milks is 3.9% butterfat. Calm and gentle. Developed in the 1930's in Oregon. A cross of Spanish and Swiss goat breeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Corn silage + corn, HMC, barley or wheat + hay or haylage + protein cocktail (SBM, canola meal, linseed meal) + minerals with Bovatec. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg weighing at least 56 grams. |
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Definition
| A parasite in horses that causes disease. |
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Definition
| Costs $295 to raise it its whole life. |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% of mink farms have this system. Manure and urine is removed in a piping system. Less labour. Drier, reduces flies, reduces odour. Costs more than a solid manure system. Increased volume of wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A camelid. Grown as a livestock guardian, meat, and fibre. |
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Term
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Definition
| The second most important nutrient for horses (after water). Essential for healthy horse digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used on mink farms. Labour intensive. May be used in the winter when automatic systems are frozen, or during hot weather when water needs are greater. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg weighing at least 49 grams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mink kits destined for pelting, not breeding, are given melatonin implants to speed up pelting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Breeding season is in March. 4 to 5 females to every male. The goal is to breed the females 2 to 3 times in their life. Gestation is 40 - 70 days, average of 51. Can be controlled with artificial lighting. There are up to 12 minks per litter, average of 5 - 6. Kits are easily fostered to other females. Breeders select for pedigree, litter size, liter weight, animal health, temperament, size, fur quality, and fur colour. |
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Definition
| Produces 35 - 45 million milnks a year. Producers owned auctions. Challenges include global warming, sale luxury items in a poor economy, and competition for feed such as pet food. Minks are raised in sheds surrounded by a perimeter fence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minks are carnivores. 80% - 90% of the diet is meat or meat/dairy by-products. The rest is cereal based. Chicken offal, feet, and heads. Cheese, liver, kidney, cooked eggs, fish, and beef tripe are ingredients. Dry or wet feed. Meat is thawed and ground, then combined with cereals, vitamins, minerals, preservatives, additives, and water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-implanted mins are pelted in early October. Euthanized on-farm in a euthanasia box containing carbon monoxide. Skinned to separate pelts from carcasses. Carcasses are taken by deadstock collectors, composted, or burried. Fat is scraped off of pelts and drummed. An average farm produces 9,000 pelts/year. 45,000 lbs of carcasses, and 9,000 pounds of fat. Pelts are graded by sex, size, colour, clarity, quality, and damage, and bundled with alike pelts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 100 - 500 foot long building where minks are housed. Has an open side for natural ventilation. No supplemental heat. Minks are kept in cages. Adequate natural light induces breeding and natural furring cycles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wool from a goat. The price is increasing. It costs $4.00 - $15.00 a pound. Small markets in Ontario. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eggs incubate for 33 - 35 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of human-animal relationships. Includes fear, pain, and frustration. Can be caused by social isolation, vet trips, or rough handling. |
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Term
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Definition
May refer to the nesting box in a mink furring pen.
May refer to a system for egg-laying farms. Hens nest on a slanted surface and the eggs roll off. |
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Term
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Definition
| A breed of goat. Originated in Africa. Small size. Low milk production, but milk is 5% - 10% butterfat. Kept as pets more than for milk. Breed throughout the year. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dual purpose milk and meat goat breed. Produces less milk than a Swiss breed, but the milk is 4% - 4.5% butterfat. More heat tolerant. Has pendulous ears. Good carcass quality. Tend to breed out of season. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy goat breed. Milk is 3.9% butterfat. Docile and quiet. A popular show goat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A common problem in companion animals. Caused by excessive caloric intake. More common in pets owned by humans who are obese. Caused increased risk of insulin sensitivity, hypertension, osteoarthritis, resparatory problems, and gastrointestinal disorders. Can be avoided with certain pet foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish are raised in cages in the ocean. |
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Definition
aka Omega-3 eggs
Priced $3.00 - $4.50 /carton. Have more omega-3 than regular eggs. Raised in battery cages unless otherwise specified. Fed grains and supplements such as flax seed, fish oil, or other DHA sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| A common problem in companion animals. Plaque and tartar. Can lead to gingivitis and peridontis. Pet food is dehydrated. Bacteria may migrate down the digestive tract and cause metabolic disturbances such as cardiovascular disease, liver diseases, kidney diseases, and pulmonary diseases. Can be avoided with tooth health maintenance products. |
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Term
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Definition
| Priced $5.00 - $6.00 / carton. Nutritionally the same as regular eggs. Free-run or free-range. Have some access to the outdoors. Fed only certified organic grains, mainly corn, and supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bivalve produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowing ewes and rams to mingle and letting them produce lambs without any management. Lambs are produced only in the springtime. |
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Term
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Definition
| A product of bivalve aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg weighing less than 42 grams. Usually laid by a young hen. |
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Term
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Definition
| People tend to want their pets to eat something similar to what they yeat. Pet food is tailored to the animals' lifestage. Juvenile, pregnancy, adult, and senior. The label must include guaranteed analysis, ingredients list, nutritional adequacy, feeding guidelines, and caloric content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pigs are stuned by electrocution before slaughtered. The pig goes into rigor mortis. An alternative method is hypoxia: taking away oxygen. They used to gas them with CO2 but the industry is moving away from this. After slaughter pigs are not skinned, the hair is removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Their tails and teeth are removed at birth to prevent them from chewing each other's tails off. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish raised alongside other production systems. Includes aquaponics, horticulture, rice, or ducks. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish are raised in outdoor ponds. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of the human-animal relationship. Rewarding events such as feeding and grooming. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of reliability. When the measure is free from random errors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A goat breed. Small in size. Can be used for meat. Breeds throughout the year. Kept more for pets than meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the horse racing industry. Includes OQHA and AQHA. Horses are raced for short distances on a straight course. Course length is generally 400 m. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rabbit meat has a traditional market. Demand is expanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish raised in outdoor pools. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the horse industry. Divided into thoroughbred, standardbred, and quarter horse. The 3rd largest agricultural industry. Employs 60,000 people. Made $738 million in 2003, including slot machine revenues. 1% of this amount goes into equine research. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Classic eggs
Priced $2.00 - $2.20 / carton. Hens are housed three to seven birds to a batery cage. Fed grains and supplements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of consistency, sensitivity, resolution, and precision. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of reliability. The smallest detectable change in true value. |
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Term
| Rice-fish integrated system |
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Definition
| An aquaculture system integrated with a rice production system. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy goat breed. Persistent high milk production. Large, well-shaped udders. Mil is 3.4% butterfat. Good temperament. Adaptable. Accounts for most of the populations in commercial herds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A bivalve produced in aquaculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of validity. Composed of internal and external validity. |
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Term
| Semi-intensive aquaculture |
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Definition
| Natural food production is stimulated and/or complimented with inputs such as fertilizers or supplemental feed. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of reliability When the measure is sensitive to small changes in the true value. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce wool, milk, and meat. Ontario slaughters most of the lambs in all the provinces. Marketed mainly to immigrants. Larger carcasses, 55 - 60 lbs, are the norm. Competition with New Zealand and Australia for cheap lamb. Lamb is viewed as a treat instead of as a staple. Sheep have a low threshold for copper toxicity. Producers have less formal training and more labour is required. Sheep produce less offspring, but have a greater feed efficiency than beef. High grain prices limit sheep production to marginal lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first layer in an egg. Protects against bacteria. Can be white or brown. Has thousands of tiny pores to allow moisture and gas exchange, which can also absorb odours. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membranes underneath an egg shell. Protects against bacteria. There are two: one sticks to the shell, and one that surrounds the albumen. |
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Term
| Single Comb Rhode Island Red |
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Definition
| An egg laying chicken breed. Can also be used for meat. A tough, resilient breed. Females are friendly and docile. Males can be aggressive. Produce 250 - 300 eggs a year. Produce brown eggs. Cock is 8.5 lbs. Hen is 6.5 lbs. |
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Term
| Single Comb White Leghorn |
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Definition
| An egg-laying chicken breed, originated in Italy. One of several Leghorn varieties. The most common breed in the US. Produces an average of 300 eggs a year. Produce white eggs. Weighs 3 - 4 lbs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An egg weighing at least 42 grams. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common parasite in horses. It has minimal contribution to clinical disease. Foals, old horses, and sick horses are most susceptible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found on 90% of mink farms. Manure accumulates under the pens and is removed with a shovel & wheelbarrow, manure belt & rake, or a manure collecting machine. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Brush goat
A meat goat breed. Used to clear brush. Hardy; can live in difficult environments. Crossbred with other breeds to produce cashmere and meat. Breed throughout the year. Was the main meat goat breed before the Boer was introduced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A component of validity. Composed of convergent and discriminant validity. When a measure reflects what it is supposed to do, and nothing else. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hen that can no longer lay eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the horse industry. Divided into English and western associations, which have their own activity and breed associations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the horse racing industry. Includes SC, SBOA, and OHHA. Standard bred horses are harnessed to 2-wheeled sulkies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of hrose race. Horses race across open country or through an obstacle course that has hedges and/or fences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A high fear negative response. Caused by negative interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aquaculture system. Fish are raised in indoor pools. |
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Term
| Temperature, pulse, respiration (TPR) |
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Definition
| The first three things measured in horses to see if they are healthy. Temperature at rest is 97º - 101ºF. Pulse at rest is 24 - 48 beats/minute. Respiration at rest is 8 - 28 breaths/minute. |
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Term
| Therapeutic riding (CTRA) |
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Definition
| A branch of the sport & leisure horse industry. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the horse racing industry. Includes Jockey Club, CTHS, HBPA, and RCI. Thoroughbred horses are raced on grass, dirt, or artificial tracks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A finfish produced in aquaculture. Can be grown with little effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dairy goat breed. The oldest known dairy breed. Sturdy and vicorous. Moderate, persistent milk production. Milk is 3.3% butterfat. Excellent udders. Perform best in cool climates. |
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Term
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Definition
| A male turkey. 119 days. 14.80 kg. Feed conversion is 2.45 kg of feed to 1 kg of meat. |
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Term
| Transfer of exotic species |
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Definition
| Can be difficult and dangerous. Causes the animal stress and fear, which may make them aggressive and negatively impact reproduction. Easier in zoos game parks. This is eased with training and slow transitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quota $2.40 / pound. Turkey have very good feed conversion. They have only two major markets: Thanksgiving and Christmas. Reproduction is mainly AI. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae produced in aqualture. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gel that is sprayed onto newly hatched chicks. The chicks peck the gel off of one another and are vaccinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minks are vaccinated for botulism, enteritis, distemper, and pneumonia at 7 to 8 weeks of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of accuracy, specificity, and scientific validity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Some pet owners may want their pet to eat a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons. This may be possible for dogs, but it is impossible for cats. For dogs, soybean protein may be used. It is less costly than meat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food close to consumers. 90% less water, 70% less fertilizers. Faster growth, higher yields per area, no pesticides, no runoff, no negative impact on the environment, no arable land neded, less area needed, theoretically self-sufficient, no seasonal or climatic restrictions. Systems have symbiotic linkages of animal and plant species. Hydroponics. Algae, cabbage, broccoli, peppers, tomatoes, beans, kale, sprouted grains, comfrey, tilapia, quail (for eggs and meat), and worms. Improves air quality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have more vitamin E, B12, and folacin than regular eggs. Hens raised in battery cages unless otherwise specified. Fed multigrain vegetarian feed with added vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of O2 taken up by muscles. At rest a human's is 40 and during excercise 70. At rest a horse is 4 and during exercise 140. This high number allows horses to be great athletes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A branch of the sport & leisure horse industry. Includes 4-H clubs, rodeo, cutting, reining, trail riding, western pleasure shows, and pleasure riding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mink feed used in all Ontario mink farms. May be on-farm processed from bought ingredients, which requires more equipment and labour, or bought ready-mixed, which is more expensive. Consistency is important. Too wet, it will fall through the wire to the ground. Too dry and it will brige on top of the wire and the mink will not be able to access it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When a female mink gives birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where minks whelp. A pen and a nesting box. 12 - 15 inches high, 24 inches long, and 14 - 18 inches wide. Has a false bottom which is removed after 4 to 5 weeks. Kits are weaned onto solid food at 3 to 5 weeks of age. Mother is removed from the whelping pen at 6 to 8 weeks. The kits are moved into furring pens at 8 to 10 weeks. Two litter mates to a pen to minimize stress of separation, then eventually split into singles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Laid by white-feathered hens. Usually less expensive than brown eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| An alternative livestoc. Grown for meat and hunting. |
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Term
| Wildlife rehabilitation centre |
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Definition
| A home of exotic species. Space is the dominant issue. Restriction of movement of injured animals to allow for healing. Animals kept in crates, kennels, ponds, and transition enclosures. Difficult to feed carnivores. Milk replacement is used for orphaned animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Seek food in large groups. Intermittently hunt for large prey and engorgin on the large meal. Opportunistic carnivores; may also prey on smaller animals and vegetation. Dogs evolved from wolves, so can be expected to share feeding habits. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the products produced in the sheep industry. Not a main source of income in the sheep industry. Synthetic textiles and cotton are cheaper and more common. |
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Term
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Definition
| The egg's major source of vitamins and minerals. Contains 3 grams of protein and essential fatty acids. One third of the egg's weight. Can be light yellow to dark orange, depending on the hen's diet. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane that surrounds the yolk in an egg. The fresher the egg, the stronger it is. |
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Term
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Definition
| A home of exotic species. Human safety comes first. Plexiglass, concrete, fencing, and moats are used for enclosures. Animal comfort comes second. Factors include group size, substrate, enclosure size, environmental enrichment, and exercise. Difficult to match natural nutrition source for many animals. |
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