Term
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Definition
| increase in body weight until maturity is reached |
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Term
| What do measures of growth include? |
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Definition
| weight/ unit time (WDT); height/unit time; average daily gain; days to 270 (swine); weaning weight; yearling weight |
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Term
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Definition
| only that growth that involves an increase in structural tissues (adding muscle, bone, etc.), excludes fat as storage tissue |
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Term
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Definition
directive coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reached
- This involves growth, cellular differentiation and changes in body shape; controlled by genetic make-up of the animal |
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Term
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Definition
| state of being fully grown or developed; in animal production we often refer to sexual and compositional maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to stages (Landmarks) of development as the animal grows from conception to maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the animal’s age in terms of units of time |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as an increase in the number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| defined as an increase in cell size |
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Term
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Definition
| efficiency in production is defined as units of input per unit of output. |
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Term
| In animal production what do we typically define efficiency as? |
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Definition
| Units of feed (lbs or kg) per unit of gain (lbs or kg) |
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Term
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Definition
- 7:1 for cattle
- 4-6:1 for sheep
- 3.5:1 for swine
- 2:1 for broilers
- 1.1:1 for fish |
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Term
| What's the Growth Curve like? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
: fascinating process- small mass of cells differentiate into specific cell types and eventually into recognizable organs
(sex cells → embryo → fetus) |
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Term
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Definition
| most increase in muscle weight; Hyperplasia: increase in fiber no. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypertrophy: increase in fiber size; largest increase in fetal weight |
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Term
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Definition
| growth primarily by hypertrophy, (at Birth – big & long) – mature small and short in relation to body |
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Term
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Definition
| : continued muscle growth by hypertrophy, slight increase in bone size, increase in fat—closer to maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| growth considered an increase in body weight so most early growth follows a straight line |
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Term
| Order of Development: Tissue |
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Definition
o Nervous
o Skeletal
o Muscle
o Fat |
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Term
| Order of Development: Body Area |
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Definition
o Head
o Neck & Shoulder
o Hind limb
o Rib & loin |
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Term
| Order of Development: Fat Deposit |
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Definition
o Perinephric
o Intermuscular
o Subcutaneous
o Intramuscular |
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Term
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Definition
o Perinephric = Internal = Kidney, pelvic, and heart fat = kidney-pelvic fat = leaf fat
o Intermuscular = seam fat (is in between muscle groups)
o Subcutaneous = external fat = back fat
o Intramuscular = marbling |
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Term
| Measures of Growth in Beef Cattle |
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Definition
| birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, feedlot AGD, mature weight |
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Term
| Measures of Growth in Sheep |
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Definition
| birth weight, 60 day weight, 90 day weight, yearling weight, feedlot AGD, mature weight |
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Term
| Measures of growth in swine |
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Definition
| birth weight, weaning weight, days to ~260 lbs |
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Term
| Measures of growth in horses |
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Definition
| growth is generally measured in Hands at a certain age |
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Term
| Measures of growth in poultry |
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Definition
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Term
| Correlated Responses to Selection for Growth |
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Definition
| - Selection for growth can influence other traits as well. Some traits are influenced positively while others are influenced negatively |
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Term
| If we select for an increased yearling weight what problems may occur? |
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Definition
| Increased yearling weight can lead to increased problems with calving ease due to corresponding increase in birth weight |
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Term
| Genetic Effects on Growth and Development |
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Definition
- Growth is a moderately to highly heritable trait (h2 – ranging from .3 - .5)
- There’s a lot of Genetic variability in growth genetics to work in the livestock industry |
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Term
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Definition
| - Relative lean to fat ratio by species and sex at same weight or chronological age |
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Term
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Definition
| - Chemical substance that is secreted into the body fluids by one cell or group of cells and has an effect on other cells |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) (somatotropin) |
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Definition
Source: Anterior Pituitary (AP)
General Effects:
Increase in: growth rate, mature size, muscle to bone, milk production
Decrease in: fat |
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Term
| Somatostatin (a feedback mechanism) |
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Definition
Source: Hypothalamus
General Effects: inhibits release of GH from AP |
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Term
| Growth Hormone releasing Hormone (GHRH) of Growth Hormone releasing Factor (GRF) |
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Definition
Source: Hypothalamus
General Effects: Stimulates release of GH from AP |
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Term
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Definition
| - Generic term for insulin-like growth factors produced in the liver and released in response to somatotropin |
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Term
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Definition
- The thyroid gland hormone that regulates the metabolic rate of the body
Source: Thyroid
General Effects: promotes energy production and oxygen consumption by peripheral tissue, a high level is called Hypothyroid |
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Term
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Definition
- Polypeptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas that regulates the metabolism of glucose and other nutrients
Source: Pancreas
General Effects: stimulates growth by increasing the uptake of glucose and amino acids. Also increases the synthesis of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
- a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla upon stimulation by central nervous system in response to stress, as anger or fear. Part of Adrenalin
Source: Adrenal Medulla
General Effects: stimulates brain function and regulation of cardiovascular system |
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Term
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Definition
- a neurotransmitter, released by adrenergic nerve terminals in the autonomic and possible central nervous system
Source: Adrenal Medulla
General Effects: stimulates brain function and regulation of cardiovascular system |
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Term
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Definition
- Branding (hot or freeze)
- Ear tagging (most used form of identification; except for horses
- Ear notching (in pigs but can be used in cattle)
- Tattoo
- Microchip
- Retinal scanning
- Freeze Branding (in horses) |
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