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young female cattle (no progeny) |
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mature female cattle (progeny) |
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Intact male young (before puberty) cattle |
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Intact male, mature (after puberty, developed secondary sex char) cattle |
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Castrated young male, cattle |
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Market age and weight of cattle |
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Sexual maturity of cattle |
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Swine: female young (no progeny) |
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Swine: mature young (progeny) |
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Swine: intact male, young (before puberty; ,6 mos of age) |
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Swine: intact male; developed secondary sex char |
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Swine: market weight and age |
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Swine: sexual maturity age |
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Sheep: female, young (no progeny) |
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Sheep: female, mature (progeny) |
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Sheep: intact male, young (before puberty; <6 mos of age) |
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Sheep: intact male, mature (after puberty; developed secondary sex char) |
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Sheep: market weight and age |
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Sheep: sexual maturity age |
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Goat: female, young (no progeny) |
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Goat: female, mature (progeny) |
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Goat: intact male, young (before puberty, <6 mos of age) |
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Goat: intact male, mature (after puberty, developed secondary sex char) |
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Poultry: female, young chicken |
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Poultry: female, mature chicken or turkey |
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Poultry: intact male, young chicken |
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Poultry: intact male, mature chicken |
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Poultry: intact male, mature turkey |
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Poultry: castrated male, chicken |
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Poultry: baby (non-gender), chicken |
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Poultry: baby (non-gender), turkey |
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Meat: cattle over one year |
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Meat: from sheep less than 1 year |
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meat: from chickens or turkeys |
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meat: from sheep over one year |
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meat: from suckling goats |
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group of cattle, swine, or goats |
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group of sheep or chickens |
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group of animals of the same sex and similar breeding raised under similar enviro condns |
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provide nursing animals with a separate feed |
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final feeding stage when animals are readied for market |
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weaned and ready for finishing |
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subcutaneous fat on an animal's back |
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degree of fatness of an animal |
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high inputs and management |
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low inputs and management |
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confined area usually equipped with feed troughs, auto waterers, and shelter |
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area devoted to grazing forage, usually planted grasses and legumes |
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native vegetation, area usually not suited for growing crops |
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time before slaughter that a drug should NOT be administered or animal being treated should NOT be marketed |
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fat, lean, and bone composition of meat animals |
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removal of the internal organs during harvesting process |
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loss of weight, usually associated with transportation, stress, or processing |
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actual weight for which payment is made, typically shrunk weight |
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period of time from one heat to the next (most livestock is 21 days) |
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female born twin to a bull (sterile) |
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time between birth and next conception |
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delivery of young: bovine swine equine ovine caprine |
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calving farrowing foaling lambing kidding |
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not bred and having normal estrous cycles |
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near delivery of offspring |
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contents of the digestive tract |
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animal with a simple stomach (1 compartment) |
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animal with a compartmentalized stomach |
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bolus of feed ruminant regurgitates for further chewing |
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number of animals/unit area |
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stress placed on plant population from grazing animals |
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what does the stomach of a monogastric animal do? |
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storage compartment physical breakdown of feed chemical digsetion |
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chief site of food digestion and nutrient absorption 60 ft in length, 2.5 gal capacity 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, & ileum duodenum- location of bile and pancreatic secretions and main sort of breakdown, usually in loop, neutralization of chyme jejunum- continuation of digestion, function to absorb end pdts of digestion ileum- forms connection to large intestine, absorption too |
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16 ft, 2.5 gal capacity cecum and colon role is to absorb water, act as reservoir for waste and feces, microbial fermentation |
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what is the basis for most diets? |
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What are the 2 distinct biological processes of growth? |
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Hyperplasia- increase in cell number due to division and cell differentiation Hypertrophy- increase in cell size, most occurs after birth |
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structural tissues excluding fat |
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How is growth measured? What are some characteristic weights? |
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weight through average daily gain (ADG) Days to 260 (swine), weaning weight, yearling weight, live weight |
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directive coordination of all diverse processes until maturity is reached involves growth, cell differentiation, and changes in body shape |
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Sequential pattern of growth |
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CNS bones tendons muscles internal fat intermuscular fat subcutaneous fat intramuscular fat |
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What comes out of the endoderm? |
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GI, repro, organs, lungs, bladder |
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What comes out of the mesoderm? |
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muscle, fat, bone, connective tissue |
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What comes out of the ectoderm? |
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skin, hair, sense organs, epithelial cells |
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What are the numbers on the growth curve? |
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1. prenatal: develop organs/skeleton 2. rapid growth: muscle accumulates 3. fat begins: muscle slows down 4. fat: 95% of the inc body weight = fat 5. altering the curve |
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what hormones control growth? |
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hypothalamus -> ant. pituitary -> growth hormone -> adipose tissue, muscle, bone, liver, IGF-1 |
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What does a small frame size mean? |
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fat deposition at lighter weights |
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What is the ideal composition of muscle and fat? |
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Why do males grow faster? |
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Are females lighter or heavier at market weight? |
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LIGHTER, 100-200 lbs lighter EXCEPT swine |
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what is compensatory gain? |
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restricting growth a little through nutrition/feed intake, then flush with nutrition, increase of gain |
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What are the three missions of a land grant university system? |
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teaching, research, extension |
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what is animal husbandry? |
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the ag practice of breeding and raising livestock |
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one or more DOMESTICATED animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber, or labor |
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the collective study of domestic animals includes: -conception to death -behavior management -physiology to psychology -repro to product distribution |
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Who is the top meat producer in the world? |
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What is the top beef producer in the world? |
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Who is the top milk producer in the world? |
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Who is the top pork producer in the world? |
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China, also #1 meat produced |
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Who is top poultry producer? |
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Who is the top egg producer in the world? |
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What are short day breeders? |
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sexually active in fall or winter |
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What are long day breeders? |
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sexually active in spring and summer |
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What hormones can you use to manipulate estrous cycle? |
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PGF2alpha = regress CL progesterone = give and take GnRH = induces follicle turnover and ovulation |
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What are the steps of parturition? |
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relaxation of cervix offspring assume position of least resistance uterine contractions expel fetus expel "afterbirth" Signs of birth = vulva relaxes, milk test |
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What is the role of the cervix? |
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facilitates sperm transport serves as a sperm reservoir barrier to uterus during pregnancy |
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What is the role of the uterus? |
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site of embryo implantation nutrient exchange |
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What is the role of the ovaries? |
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produces ova in follicles produces estrogen and progesterone |
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What is the site of fertilization? |
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released from hypothalamus causes release of FSH and LH |
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from the pituitary stimulates follicular growth and development |
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from the pituitary causes ovulation important for development and function of CL |
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released from ovarian follicles promotes growth and development of the uterus responsible for estrus behavior triggers LH release |
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from the CL negative feedback of GnRH maintains pregnancy |
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what are the 2 primary types of digestive tracts in food animals? |
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ruminant (poly gastric) non ruminant (monogastric) |
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What are 4 components of the ruminant's stomach? |
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rumen reticulum abomasum omasum |
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What are 4 types of digestion that occur which one only occurs in ruminants and hind gut fermenters |
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mastication chemical digestion enzymatic microbial * |
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ends in meal! like fish meal |
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