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ANS 3006C genetics, dairy, swine, beef
exam 2 with genetics,dairy,swine, and beef
221
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
10/26/2013

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Term
Portion of the cell that contains a cells genetic material
Definition
Nucleus
Term
The DNA containing structures in the cell
Definition
Chromosome
Term
Double stranded nucleic acid that coeds for the genetic make up of a cell
Definition
DNA
Term
Active area in the chromosome that codes for a trait and determines how that trait will help
Definition
Gene
Term
one of 4 units on the DNA molecule that form combinations that code for proteins
Definition
Bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine)
Term
Alternative forms of a gene
Definition
Alleles
Term
Alike alleles
Definition
Homozygous
Term
Unalike alleles
Definition
Heterozygous
Term
Complete genetic material of an organism
Definition
Genome
Term
Genetic makeup
Definition
Genotype (BB,bb)
Term
The expressed characteristics
Definition
Phenotype (seen: color, horned)
Term
Primarily determined by genotype, little or no environmental influence, determined/controlled by small # of genes, detected by visual observation, examples are hair color and horns.
Definition
Qualitative traits
Term
Most traits of economic importance, show continuous variation (cannot be separated into distinct groups), affected by many genes (impossible to determine effect of 1 gene pair), environment affects gene expressed
Definition
Quantitative traits
Term
Can measure phenotype, but cannot determine the specific genotype, examples: weights, milk production, fertility, performance
Definition
Quantitative traits
Term
important tool for genetic improvement
Definition
Selection
Term
Prevent some from reproducing, use others to become parents of many offspring
Definition
Differential reproduction (part of selection)
Term
Increase frequency of desirable genes, decrease frequency of undesirable genes
Definition
How to change gene frequency in the population
Term
selection is based on what?
Definition
phenotype
Term
G + E = ?
Definition
P
Term
Proper selection of phenotype will change what?
Definition
will change genotype of population slowly overtime
Term
% of the phenotype variation that is genetic and transmitted from parents to progeny
Definition
Heritability
Term
Reproduction has a low Heritability and cannot be a selected trait because it is dependent on what?
Definition
Environment
Term
The amount by which the average progeny of the animal is expected to exceed the average of the herd or population
Definition
Expected progeny difference (EPD)
Term
Our best tool for genetic selection, used to compare genetic potential, available for cattle, sheep and swine, theoretical average = 0
Definition
Expected progeny difference (EPD)
Term
Usage of EPDs in bulls
Definition
Weaning weight EPD
Term
Usage of EPDs in swine
Definition
Days to 230 lbs EPD
Term
2 types of mating systems
Definition
Straightbreeding, crossbreeding
Term
Mating animals of the same breed is what?
Definition
Straightbreeding (purebred)
Term
Mating animals of different breeds
Definition
Crossbreeding (commercial)
Term
Through selection and breeding, come to resemble and pass traits uniformly to offspring is known as what?
Definition
A breed
Term
Results from the combining of desirable traits of various breeds, term used in cattle, sheep and poultry
Definition
Composites
Term
Developed from specific line crosses, selected for specific traits, used in swine corporate seedstock suppliers
Definition
Hybrids
Term
2 reasons why we crossbreed
Definition
Breed complementation and Heterosis (hybrid vigor)
Term
Match strengths and weaknesses of different breeds
Definition
Breed Complementation
Term
Increase the productivity of the crossbred progeny that is greater than expected based on the average of the parents performance
Definition
Heterosis
Term
2 types of crossbreeding programs
Definition
Terminal and Rotational crossbreeding
Term
all progeny are marketed to produce meat, must buy replacement breeding stock, use a performance/carcass oriented sir breed
Definition
Terminal crossbreeding
Term
Crossbred females used to produce new generation(buying new bulls, reproducing new females), reproductive heterosis is high, heterosis increases as the # of breeds in cross increase
Definition
Rotational Crossbreeding (2 or 3 breeds)
Term
which rotational crossbreeding is the most common?
Definition
3 breed rotation
Term
Excess milk was produced into what?
Definition
Cheese
Term
Ice harvesting/wind mills, refrigeration, pasteurization, glass bottles were all new techniques developed for what?
Definition
Handling, storage, and processing milk
Term
AI, freezing of bull semen, embryo transfer, rBST, record keeping, change of breed are all techniques to improve what?
Definition
Safety and nutritive value of milk
Term
it starts with milk (cows,sheep/goats, camels,horses), add something (heat, bacteria, salt, flavor), remove something (water, fat, lactose) are all part of what?
Definition
The dairy family tree
Term
To produce high quality milk there are 6 factors
Definition
clean, low bacteria count, low somatic cell count, no dilution, good flavor, no antibiotic residue
Term
All shipments of milk are tested for what?
Definition
Betalactams
Term
Produce the product efficiently, be environmentally responsible, and earn a reasonable profit are what 3 objectives?
Definition
Objectives of the dairy producer
Term
US number of dairy cows is 9,225,000 placing it what in the world?
Definition
4th
Term
US milk per cow (lbs) is 21,642 placing it what in the world?
Definition
2nd
Term
US total milk production (lbs) is 199.6 billion placing it what in the world?
Definition
2nd
Term
Who is the world leader of number of dairy cows?
Definition
India
Term
Who is the world leader in milk per cow?
Definition
South Korea
Term
Who is the world leader in total milk production?
Definition
EU
Term
Who is the state leader in the number of dairy cows?
Definition
California (Florida = 19th)
Term
Who is the state leader in annual milk production per year?
Definition
New Mexico (no humidity), (Florida = 19th)
Term
Who is the state leader in total milk production?
Definition
California (Florida = 19th)
Term
The trend in US dairy cows has been decreasing , yet the milk production had been increasing. What does this show?
Definition
Shows that the animals are becoming more efficient
Term
What county in Florida has the most dairy farms?
Definition
Lafayette County (21)
Term
How many dairy farms are in Florida?
Definition
130 dairy farms
Term
What county in Florida has the second most dairy farms?
Definition
Okeechobee County (19)
Term
Temp, Humidity, Breed of cow, Type of feed, Heath status, Stage of lactation, # of milkings per day, and climate modification are all what?
Definition
Factors affecting milk production
Term
Shifts in breeds, improved genetics, better formulated diets, greater use of concentrate feeds, better health programs are all what?
Definition
Factors resulting in national trends
Term
climate modification, improved reproductive efficiency, use of rBST, and larger dairies are all what?
Definition
Factors resulting in national trends
Term
Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire are all what?
Definition
5 main Dairy breeds
Term
Breed originated in Europe and developed in the Netherlands, Large black and white, 90% of US dairies milk this breed (best dairy cow), consumes the most feed
Definition
Holstein Cow
Term
what does DHIA stand for?
Definition
Dairy Herd Improvement Association
Term
Breed originated in islands of Jersey, light gray to dark, fawn to nearly black with dark face, produces more milk/lb of body weight than any breed,
Definition
Jersey Cow
Term
Breed originated on island of Guernsey in the English channel, any shade of fawn with white markings, been improved by AI, high betacarotene content (golden milk)
Definition
Guernsey Cow
Term
Breed originated in Switzerland, light to dark brown with black muzzle, rank 2nd in average annual milk production, milk has a high protein content
Definition
Brown Swiss Cow
Term
Breed originated in Scotland, any shade of cherry, mahogany, brown or white, can produce favorably with poor forage quality, excellent udder conformation and reduced foot problems
Definition
Ayrshire Cow
Term
How have we genetically improved the dairy cattle?
Definition
AI, ET, progeny testing, cloning
Term
Most famous bull in Holstein genetics, responsible for blad = resulting in death in all homosygous animals
Definition
Osborndale Ivanhoe
Term
Bull that has produced over 2 million units of semen, the most of any bull in AI history
Definition
Toy Story
Term
how has dairy farms changed?
Definition
Farms are getting larger and more efficient
Term
Dairy farm that has more individual focus, familiarity, more labor, and less profit
Definition
Small dairy farms
Term
Dairy farm that is herd focused, economy of scale, specialized labor, animal welfare and environmental concerns
Definition
Large dairy farms
Term
Grazing dairy, combination dairy, tie stall dairy, Free stall barn dairy
Definition
4 types of dairy farms
Term
Forage based dairy, lower milk production, less feed and waste management costs, used by organic milk producers, not been successful in Florida
Definition
Grazing Dairy farm
Term
Pasture plus feeding in milking parlor, cows maintained outdoors providing forage, small herd of dairy cows, labor intensive
Definition
Combination Dairy farm
Term
Each cow placed in individual stall, tied or head placed in a free swiveling stanchion, milking equipment overhead, cows milked in stall, no parlor, labor intensive, need good ventalation
Definition
Tie Stall Dairy farm
Term
Most common, common for large herds, cows move freely in barn, bedded stall area for cow to lie, bedding can be straw, wood shavings, sand, feeding alley in front of stalls, flushing system, cows moved to milking parlor
Definition
Free Stall Dairy farm
Term
The udder has 4 separate mammary glands known as what?
Definition
Quarters
Term
Milk is produced by millions of what in each gland?
Definition
Alveoli
Term
Alveoli are grouped in what which are grouped in lobes?
Definition
Lobules
Term
During the milk ejaculation, milk enters teat cistern and exits through what?
Definition
Streak canal
Term
What is the key to the milk ejaculation reflex?
Definition
Oxytocin (released from PP)
Term
3 stages of the lactation curve
Definition
Peak lactation (most important stage), Mid lactation, Tail enders
Term
Why are teats dipped after milking?
Definition
For disease control
Term
2 forms of Intramammary Infections(IMI)
Definition
Contagious(during milking) and Environmental(bedding)
Term
How can farms prevent mastitis?
Definition
Clean/dry udders and proper milking procedures
Term
Why is a milking parlor compared to a tie stall milking operation is preferred?
Definition
Requires less labor, less milk carrying, can handle herd expansion, higher investment costs, less individual animal attention
Term
What are the 3 types of milking parlors?
Definition
Herring Bone, Side opening, and Rotary parlor
Term
Most common milking parlor, double X, cows enter and leave in groups, stand at an angle, entering and leaving gates controlled, slow milking cows hold up group
Definition
Herring Bone Parlor
Term
Cows stand parallel, individually enter and leave, more walking distance, slow milking cows do not hold up group, limited space and speed
Definition
Side Opening Parlor
Term
Slowly rotating platform, large # milked in smaller space, more expensive
Definition
Rotary Parlor
Term
Who provide marketing and outlook information, participate in federal order hearings, sell milking supplies/feed, provide insurance, provide lab services, advise on production and inspection problems?
Definition
The Marketing Co-op
Term
Classes of what kind of milk are used for pricing and based on final use of milk?
Definition
Class Grade A milk (Fluid milk)
Term
Class 1 milk is what kind of milk?
Definition
Beverage milk
Term
What class of milk is sued for manufacture of cottage cheese, ice cream, sour cream, and yogurt?
Definition
Class 2 milk
Term
What class of milk is used to manufacture butter, cheese and condensed and evaporated milk?
Definition
Class 3 milk
Term
What class grade of milk is used for manufactured dairy products but not for fluid milk use?
Definition
Class Grade B milk
Term
Pricing milk is considered what when trying to price each milk component, price quality, and mailbox price?
Definition
Pricing milk is Complicated
Term
Records are a necessity for what?
Definition
Dairy herd management
Term
DHIA provides what for dairy farms?
Definition
statistics
Term
The realistic goal of breeding a lactating dairy cow is a how many moth calving interval?
Definition
13 Months calving interval
Term
What does ART stand for?
Definition
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Term
Dry period of the cow is typically how many days?
Definition
45-60 days
Term
Calves removed from cows shortly after birth are given what?
Definition
Colostrum
Term
At what age can a cow be bred?
Definition
15 months
Term
2 categories of Swine breeds
Definition
Colored (paternal= muscle growth, and White (maternal= milk, liter size, mothering abilities)
Term
Mostly experimental, known for litter size (18-20), a lot of fat, reproductive trait low heritability
Definition
Mishon (Chinese) pig
Term
Paternal breed, red in color, droopy ears
Definition
Duroc pig
Term
Belted breed, paternal, black with white belt, erect ears
Definition
Hampshire pig
Term
Paternal breed, black with 6 white markings (face,tail, legs), erect ears, good to eat, more intramuscular fat, the Angus of pigs
Definition
Berkshire pig
Term
paternal breed, looks like Berkshire except ears, droopy ears
Definition
Poland China pig
Term
Paternal breed, black and white spotted, droopy ears
Definition
Spots pig
Term
Maternal breed, white, erect ears, the mother breed, common in swine programs
Definition
Yorkshire pig
Term
Maternal breed, white, large droopy ears block vision, known for milking/liter size, very feminine
Definition
Landrace pig
Term
Maternal breed, white, small droopy ears
Definition
Chester White pig
Term
The usage of hybrid swine lines is a common practice for what?
Definition
Commercial Swine Industry
Term
Who is the largest swine company in the US?
Definition
Smithfield (VA)
Term
What swine breeding company produces 40-50% of breeding females?
Definition
PIC in Tennessee
Term
Replacement breeding stock in swine should have what 3 factors?
Definition
Structurally sound, Mammary soundness, and eliminated the PPS(Stress gene)
Term
What is the major cause of low quality pork?
Definition
PPS
Term
Sows produce larger liters, while Gilts provide what opportunity?
Definition
Genetic change
Term
Boars contribute most of the genetic contribution and major influence on what quality?
Definition
Carcass quality
Term
Where are pigs produced in the United States?
Definition
Mid-West (due to corn and soybeans)
Term
Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska use what as there primary energy source?
Definition
Corn
Term
Iowa and Illinois use what as there primary protein source?
Definition
Soybean meal
Term
What state is the #1 swine producer?
Definition
Iowa
Term
What state is the 2nd swine producer?
Definition
North Carolina
Term
Why are small swine farms dispersing?
Definition
Cannot compete with large corporations
Term
Conventional farrow to finish include what stages on 1 site?
Definition
Breeding/gestation, farrowing (3-4 weeks, nursery (to 50 lbs)(feeder pigs), finishing (270 lbs)
Term
Segregated early weaning is on how many sites?
Definition
3 Sites
Term
What allowed producers to specialize in one area of swine production?
Definition
Specialization
Term
Swine production pre 1970's was bad because of what 3 reasons?
Definition
Most was outside which made it hard to maintain health and birds transferring diseases, piglets getting crushed by sows, and bedding was causing bacterial growth
Term
What are the 5 types of production systems for swine?
Definition
Farrow-Finish, Farrow-Wean, Wean-Finish, Farrow-Feeder, Feeder-Finish
Term
What type of production contains all stages of the life cycle and needs the most pigmanship skills?
Definition
Farrow-Finish (jack of all trades)
Term
What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, and lactation, pigs are sold at weaning and sent to a wean finish operation?
Definition
Farrow-Wean (wean at 17-18 weeks, 10-12 lbs)
Term
What type of production requires less pigmanship skills, has split sex feeding, and market weight of 270 lbs?
Definition
Wean-Finish
Term
What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, lactation, and nursery which can be off site?
Definition
Farrow-Feeder
Term
What type of production has the least pigmanship necessary and practice AIAO (all in all out)?
Definition
Farrow-Finish
Term
In the commercial swine industry, what animal is the most important?
Definition
The Sow
Term
Age of puberty of sows is what?
Definition
4-7 months
Term
The duration of estrous and estrus in the sow?
Definition
Estrous = 21 days, Estrus = 2-3 days
Term
Why is there a high turnover rate of young females after the 1st estrus postpartum?
Definition
Females not returning back into estrus
Term
What is the best way to detect sow/gilts that are in estrus?
Definition
Expose sow/gilts to boar
Term
When a sow stands for back pressure is called what?
Definition
Lordosis or standing estrus
Term
What are 3 mating systems used in the Swine industry?
Definition
Pen mating, Hand mating, and AI
Term
What mating system uses natural service, sued on natural/organic farms, 1 boar to 5-10 females, much less labor?
Definition
Pen mating
Term
What mating system uses natural service, bring boar to sow, observe mating, separate boar and sow, labor intensive?
Definition
Hand mating
Term
On average, boars can produce enough semen to inseminate how many females?
Definition
10-15 females
Term
What mating system uses fresh semen, used by large intergrators, collected from boars on site?
Definition
Artificial Insemination (AI)
Term
Why are Gestation crates not liked?
Definition
Animal cannot turn around
Term
Farrowing stalls provide what for the piglets and sows?
Definition
Provide protection from mom crushing babies, and provides dual heat for mom and babies (mom = <70 degrees) (piglets = 85-95 degrees)
Term
Gestation crates with wood are bad why?
Definition
Sanitation issue, wood cant be cleaned
Term
Swine feed counts for what percentage of production cost?
Definition
60-70%
Term
A "pot" carries how many pigs to harvest?
Definition
200 pigs
Term
In world meat consumption, what place is pork?
Definition
#1 in the world
Term
What country is the #1 pork consumer?
Definition
China (51.1 million)
Term
What country is the 2nd pork consumer?
Definition
EU
Term
What country is the 3rd pork consumer?
Definition
US
Term
First cattle in the US was brought to what state and by who?
Definition
Florida by Ponce De Leon (1513)
Term
Who created barbed wire?
Definition
Joseph Glidden
Term
What industry segment has the role of providing genetic bases for the industry, composed of 2 type of operations (elite, multiplier), and product of purebred breeding stock with primarily bulls?
Definition
Seedstock Segment
Term
What industry segment has the role of producing young calves that the industry will purchase, grow-out, and untimely harvest?
Definition
Cow-Calf segment (Florida beef industry)
Term
What state is #1 for beef cows?
Definition
Texas
Term
Primarily weaned calves are 500 lbs and between how many months of age?
Definition
5-7 months old (mostly 6)
Term
What are cull cows and bulls turned into?
Definition
Hamburger meat
Term
What state is 2nd for beef cows?
Definition
Oklahoma (Florida is 12th)
Term
In the Cow-Calf segment, what are the 3 production factors of importance?
Definition
% calf crop, weaning weight, and dam performance
Term
What industry segment has the role of forage based growth program that is seasonal, the objective to increase frame size and minimize fattening,where majority of them feed using winter wheat?
Definition
Stocker segment
Term
What industry segment has the role of finish cattle using high energy rations, composed of 2 main types of operations (commercial and farmer-feeder), have to be monitored due to grain feeding?
Definition
Feedlot segment
Term
With having 85% grain being feed at feedlots, what can happen to the cattle?
Definition
pH of the rumen can be lowered from lactic acid which decreases respiration
Term
What state is #1 in feedlots?
Definition
Texas
Term
What are the 3 production factors of importance in feedlots?
Definition
Increase average of daily gain, decrease feed to grain, and yield and quality (choice beef)
Term
What industry segment has the role that humanely convert live animals to safe and wholesome meat products(boxed beef)?
Definition
Packer segment
Term
what are the top 4 packers that harvest 80-85% of cattle?
Definition
1)Cargill Meat Solutions, 2)Tyson, 3)JBS, 4)National Beef Packing Company
Term
What industry segment deals with retail to grocery, restaurants, and food services?
Definition
Retail and Consumer segment
Term
Largest grocery store in meat retail?
Definition
Walmart
Term
63% of beef consumed at home is what kind of meat?
Definition
Ground beef
Term
75% of restaurants serve what kind of beef?
Definition
Hamburgers
Term
How does the average consumer cook their steak?
Definition
Well Done
Term
Beef cattle breed are categorized into what 2 species?
Definition
Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus
Term
Beef cattle breeds are categorized into what 5 types?
Definition
British, Continental, American, Dairy, and Dual purpose
Term
What British beef cattle is known for its marbling, is black, and gets to choice very easily?
Definition
Angus
Term
What British beef cattle has all the same characteristics of the black Angus cattle, but is red?
Definition
Red Angus
Term
What British beef cattle is brown with white or red and white, is polled or horned, and is not that common?
Definition
Hereford
Term
What British beef cattle is dual purpose by dairy/meat, and make good moms?
Definition
Shorthorn
Term
What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, white, large frames with a lot of muscle?
Definition
Charolais
Term
What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, red/brown, and large framed?
Definition
Limousin
Term
What Continental beef cattle is white, very large, and a high strong temper?
Definition
Chianina
Term
What Continental beef cattle is from Switzerland, large framed, and has good mothering abilities?
Definition
Simmental
Term
What Continental beef cattle is German bred, large frame size, and muscles?
Definition
Gelbvieh
Term
What Continental beef cattle is gray/tan, dual purpose milking/meat, gave rise to Brown Swiss, and not widely used in US?
Definition
Braunvieh
Term
What Continental beef cattle is from France, dual purpose maternal/milking, red, and used a little in US?
Definition
Salers
Term
What American beef cattle is known for its ears and hump, cream/grays, great moms, not good for feedlots, best known for its tolerances for heat?
Definition
Brahman
Term
What American beef cattle is red, dual purpose maternal/muscle, and likes cooler climates?
Definition
Beefmaster
Term
What American beef cattle is black and a cross between Brahman (3/8) and Angus (5/8)?
Definition
Brangus
Term
What American beef cattle is red and a cross between Brahman and Red Angus?
Definition
Red Brangus
Term
What American beef cattle has a white face and brown body, developed in Florida, and a cross between Brahman and Hereford?
Definition
Baraford
Term
What American beef cattle is brow/red, developed in Texas, cross between a Brahman and a Shorthorn?
Definition
Santa Gertrudis
Term
What Dairy beef cattle is more known for its milking then meat and is black and white?
Definition
Holstein
Term
What Spanish beef cattle is not used in breeding programs, tolerate to Florida climate , and very small?
Definition
Florida Cracker Cattle
Term
What is the trend in beef breeds?
Definition
Black hide due to certified Angus beef program
Term
What are the Top 2 Continental beef cattle breeds?
Definition
Angus (48.2%) and Charolais (9.5%)
Term
What are the 3 beef cattle breeding programs used?
Definition
Terminal crossbreeding, Rotational crossbreeding (most common),and Composite
Term
Beef cattle has good monocular vision but poor what?
Definition
Binocular vision
Term
What 3 colors can beef cattle see?
Definition
Red, Green, and Yellow
Term
What do beef cattle use to distinguish between other cattle?
Definition
Smell
Term
Beef cattle's hearing are sensitive to what kind of noises?
Definition
Sensitive to loud, high pitched noises
Term
What is the animals personal space that handlers can move the animal with?
Definition
Flight zone
Term
What is the beef cattle's point of balance?
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Beef cattle have a social behavior that is called Gregarious. What does it mean?
Definition
Herd instinct, follow the leader
Term
What is the normal temperature of a beef cattle?
Definition
101.5 F
Term
How long is the beef cattle's estrous cycle?
Definition
21 days
Term
What is the saliva production of beef cattle?
Definition
15-20 gallons/day
Term
What is the ideal BCS in beef cattle?
Definition
4-6
Term
What are the 2 major eye problems in beef cattle?
Definition
Pink eye and Cancer eye
Term
Where on the cattle are proper injection sites?
Definition
inner muscle injections on the neck, and subcutaneous injections behind the front leg
Term
What is important to have for health records in beef cattle?
Definition
ROA = Route of Administration
Term
What does LA stand for on a processing chart for beef cattle?
Definition
Long Acting
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