Term
Portion of the cell that contains a cells genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
The DNA containing structures in the cell |
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Definition
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Term
Double stranded nucleic acid that coeds for the genetic make up of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
Active area in the chromosome that codes for a trait and determines how that trait will help |
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Definition
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Term
one of 4 units on the DNA molecule that form combinations that code for proteins |
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Definition
Bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine) |
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Term
Alternative forms of a gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Complete genetic material of an organism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
The expressed characteristics |
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Definition
Phenotype (seen: color, horned) |
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Term
Primarily determined by genotype, little or no environmental influence, determined/controlled by small # of genes, detected by visual observation, examples are hair color and horns. |
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Definition
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Term
Most traits of economic importance, show continuous variation (cannot be separated into distinct groups), affected by many genes (impossible to determine effect of 1 gene pair), environment affects gene expressed |
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Definition
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Term
Can measure phenotype, but cannot determine the specific genotype, examples: weights, milk production, fertility, performance |
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Definition
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Term
important tool for genetic improvement |
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Definition
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Term
Prevent some from reproducing, use others to become parents of many offspring |
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Definition
Differential reproduction (part of selection) |
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Term
Increase frequency of desirable genes, decrease frequency of undesirable genes |
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Definition
How to change gene frequency in the population |
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Term
selection is based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Proper selection of phenotype will change what? |
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Definition
will change genotype of population slowly overtime |
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Term
% of the phenotype variation that is genetic and transmitted from parents to progeny |
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Definition
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Term
Reproduction has a low Heritability and cannot be a selected trait because it is dependent on what? |
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Definition
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Term
The amount by which the average progeny of the animal is expected to exceed the average of the herd or population |
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Definition
Expected progeny difference (EPD) |
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Term
Our best tool for genetic selection, used to compare genetic potential, available for cattle, sheep and swine, theoretical average = 0 |
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Definition
Expected progeny difference (EPD) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
2 types of mating systems |
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Definition
Straightbreeding, crossbreeding |
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Term
Mating animals of the same breed is what? |
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Definition
Straightbreeding (purebred) |
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Term
Mating animals of different breeds |
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Definition
Crossbreeding (commercial) |
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Term
Through selection and breeding, come to resemble and pass traits uniformly to offspring is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
Results from the combining of desirable traits of various breeds, term used in cattle, sheep and poultry |
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Definition
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Term
Developed from specific line crosses, selected for specific traits, used in swine corporate seedstock suppliers |
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Definition
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Term
2 reasons why we crossbreed |
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Definition
Breed complementation and Heterosis (hybrid vigor) |
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Term
Match strengths and weaknesses of different breeds |
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Definition
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Term
Increase the productivity of the crossbred progeny that is greater than expected based on the average of the parents performance |
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Definition
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Term
2 types of crossbreeding programs |
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Definition
Terminal and Rotational crossbreeding |
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Term
all progeny are marketed to produce meat, must buy replacement breeding stock, use a performance/carcass oriented sir breed |
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Definition
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Term
Crossbred females used to produce new generation(buying new bulls, reproducing new females), reproductive heterosis is high, heterosis increases as the # of breeds in cross increase |
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Definition
Rotational Crossbreeding (2 or 3 breeds) |
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Term
which rotational crossbreeding is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
Excess milk was produced into what? |
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Definition
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Term
Ice harvesting/wind mills, refrigeration, pasteurization, glass bottles were all new techniques developed for what? |
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Definition
Handling, storage, and processing milk |
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Term
AI, freezing of bull semen, embryo transfer, rBST, record keeping, change of breed are all techniques to improve what? |
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Definition
Safety and nutritive value of milk |
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Term
it starts with milk (cows,sheep/goats, camels,horses), add something (heat, bacteria, salt, flavor), remove something (water, fat, lactose) are all part of what? |
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Definition
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Term
To produce high quality milk there are 6 factors |
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Definition
clean, low bacteria count, low somatic cell count, no dilution, good flavor, no antibiotic residue |
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Term
All shipments of milk are tested for what? |
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Definition
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Term
Produce the product efficiently, be environmentally responsible, and earn a reasonable profit are what 3 objectives? |
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Definition
Objectives of the dairy producer |
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Term
US number of dairy cows is 9,225,000 placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
US milk per cow (lbs) is 21,642 placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
US total milk production (lbs) is 199.6 billion placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the world leader of number of dairy cows? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the world leader in milk per cow? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the world leader in total milk production? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the state leader in the number of dairy cows? |
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Definition
California (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
Who is the state leader in annual milk production per year? |
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Definition
New Mexico (no humidity), (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
Who is the state leader in total milk production? |
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Definition
California (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
The trend in US dairy cows has been decreasing , yet the milk production had been increasing. What does this show? |
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Definition
Shows that the animals are becoming more efficient |
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Term
What county in Florida has the most dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
How many dairy farms are in Florida? |
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Definition
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Term
What county in Florida has the second most dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
Temp, Humidity, Breed of cow, Type of feed, Heath status, Stage of lactation, # of milkings per day, and climate modification are all what? |
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Definition
Factors affecting milk production |
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Term
Shifts in breeds, improved genetics, better formulated diets, greater use of concentrate feeds, better health programs are all what? |
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Definition
Factors resulting in national trends |
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Term
climate modification, improved reproductive efficiency, use of rBST, and larger dairies are all what? |
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Definition
Factors resulting in national trends |
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Term
Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire are all what? |
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Definition
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Term
Breed originated in Europe and developed in the Netherlands, Large black and white, 90% of US dairies milk this breed (best dairy cow), consumes the most feed |
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Definition
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Term
what does DHIA stand for? |
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Definition
Dairy Herd Improvement Association |
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Term
Breed originated in islands of Jersey, light gray to dark, fawn to nearly black with dark face, produces more milk/lb of body weight than any breed, |
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Definition
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Term
Breed originated on island of Guernsey in the English channel, any shade of fawn with white markings, been improved by AI, high betacarotene content (golden milk) |
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Definition
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Term
Breed originated in Switzerland, light to dark brown with black muzzle, rank 2nd in average annual milk production, milk has a high protein content |
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Definition
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Term
Breed originated in Scotland, any shade of cherry, mahogany, brown or white, can produce favorably with poor forage quality, excellent udder conformation and reduced foot problems |
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Definition
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Term
How have we genetically improved the dairy cattle? |
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Definition
AI, ET, progeny testing, cloning |
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Term
Most famous bull in Holstein genetics, responsible for blad = resulting in death in all homosygous animals |
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Definition
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Term
Bull that has produced over 2 million units of semen, the most of any bull in AI history |
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Definition
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Term
how has dairy farms changed? |
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Definition
Farms are getting larger and more efficient |
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Term
Dairy farm that has more individual focus, familiarity, more labor, and less profit |
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Definition
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Term
Dairy farm that is herd focused, economy of scale, specialized labor, animal welfare and environmental concerns |
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Definition
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Term
Grazing dairy, combination dairy, tie stall dairy, Free stall barn dairy |
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Definition
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Term
Forage based dairy, lower milk production, less feed and waste management costs, used by organic milk producers, not been successful in Florida |
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Definition
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Term
Pasture plus feeding in milking parlor, cows maintained outdoors providing forage, small herd of dairy cows, labor intensive |
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Definition
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Term
Each cow placed in individual stall, tied or head placed in a free swiveling stanchion, milking equipment overhead, cows milked in stall, no parlor, labor intensive, need good ventalation |
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Definition
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Term
Most common, common for large herds, cows move freely in barn, bedded stall area for cow to lie, bedding can be straw, wood shavings, sand, feeding alley in front of stalls, flushing system, cows moved to milking parlor |
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Definition
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Term
The udder has 4 separate mammary glands known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
Milk is produced by millions of what in each gland? |
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Definition
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Term
Alveoli are grouped in what which are grouped in lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
During the milk ejaculation, milk enters teat cistern and exits through what? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the key to the milk ejaculation reflex? |
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Definition
Oxytocin (released from PP) |
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Term
3 stages of the lactation curve |
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Definition
Peak lactation (most important stage), Mid lactation, Tail enders |
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Term
Why are teats dipped after milking? |
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Definition
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Term
2 forms of Intramammary Infections(IMI) |
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Definition
Contagious(during milking) and Environmental(bedding) |
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Term
How can farms prevent mastitis? |
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Definition
Clean/dry udders and proper milking procedures |
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Term
Why is a milking parlor compared to a tie stall milking operation is preferred? |
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Definition
Requires less labor, less milk carrying, can handle herd expansion, higher investment costs, less individual animal attention |
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Term
What are the 3 types of milking parlors? |
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Definition
Herring Bone, Side opening, and Rotary parlor |
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Term
Most common milking parlor, double X, cows enter and leave in groups, stand at an angle, entering and leaving gates controlled, slow milking cows hold up group |
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Definition
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Term
Cows stand parallel, individually enter and leave, more walking distance, slow milking cows do not hold up group, limited space and speed |
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Definition
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Term
Slowly rotating platform, large # milked in smaller space, more expensive |
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Definition
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Term
Who provide marketing and outlook information, participate in federal order hearings, sell milking supplies/feed, provide insurance, provide lab services, advise on production and inspection problems? |
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Definition
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Term
Classes of what kind of milk are used for pricing and based on final use of milk? |
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Definition
Class Grade A milk (Fluid milk) |
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Term
Class 1 milk is what kind of milk? |
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Definition
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Term
What class of milk is sued for manufacture of cottage cheese, ice cream, sour cream, and yogurt? |
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Definition
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Term
What class of milk is used to manufacture butter, cheese and condensed and evaporated milk? |
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Definition
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Term
What class grade of milk is used for manufactured dairy products but not for fluid milk use? |
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Definition
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Term
Pricing milk is considered what when trying to price each milk component, price quality, and mailbox price? |
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Definition
Pricing milk is Complicated |
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Term
Records are a necessity for what? |
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Definition
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Term
DHIA provides what for dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
The realistic goal of breeding a lactating dairy cow is a how many moth calving interval? |
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Definition
13 Months calving interval |
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Term
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Definition
Assisted Reproductive Technologies |
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Term
Dry period of the cow is typically how many days? |
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Definition
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Term
Calves removed from cows shortly after birth are given what? |
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Definition
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Term
At what age can a cow be bred? |
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Definition
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Term
2 categories of Swine breeds |
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Definition
Colored (paternal= muscle growth, and White (maternal= milk, liter size, mothering abilities) |
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Term
Mostly experimental, known for litter size (18-20), a lot of fat, reproductive trait low heritability |
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Definition
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Term
Paternal breed, red in color, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
Belted breed, paternal, black with white belt, erect ears |
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Definition
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Term
Paternal breed, black with 6 white markings (face,tail, legs), erect ears, good to eat, more intramuscular fat, the Angus of pigs |
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Definition
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Term
paternal breed, looks like Berkshire except ears, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
Paternal breed, black and white spotted, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
Maternal breed, white, erect ears, the mother breed, common in swine programs |
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Definition
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Term
Maternal breed, white, large droopy ears block vision, known for milking/liter size, very feminine |
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Definition
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Term
Maternal breed, white, small droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
The usage of hybrid swine lines is a common practice for what? |
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Definition
Commercial Swine Industry |
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Term
Who is the largest swine company in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
What swine breeding company produces 40-50% of breeding females? |
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Definition
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Term
Replacement breeding stock in swine should have what 3 factors? |
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Definition
Structurally sound, Mammary soundness, and eliminated the PPS(Stress gene) |
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Term
What is the major cause of low quality pork? |
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Definition
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Term
Sows produce larger liters, while Gilts provide what opportunity? |
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Definition
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Term
Boars contribute most of the genetic contribution and major influence on what quality? |
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Definition
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Term
Where are pigs produced in the United States? |
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Definition
Mid-West (due to corn and soybeans) |
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Term
Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska use what as there primary energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
Iowa and Illinois use what as there primary protein source? |
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Definition
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Term
What state is the #1 swine producer? |
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Definition
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Term
What state is the 2nd swine producer? |
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Definition
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Term
Why are small swine farms dispersing? |
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Definition
Cannot compete with large corporations |
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Term
Conventional farrow to finish include what stages on 1 site? |
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Definition
Breeding/gestation, farrowing (3-4 weeks, nursery (to 50 lbs)(feeder pigs), finishing (270 lbs) |
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Term
Segregated early weaning is on how many sites? |
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Definition
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Term
What allowed producers to specialize in one area of swine production? |
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Definition
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Term
Swine production pre 1970's was bad because of what 3 reasons? |
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Definition
Most was outside which made it hard to maintain health and birds transferring diseases, piglets getting crushed by sows, and bedding was causing bacterial growth |
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Term
What are the 5 types of production systems for swine? |
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Definition
Farrow-Finish, Farrow-Wean, Wean-Finish, Farrow-Feeder, Feeder-Finish |
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Term
What type of production contains all stages of the life cycle and needs the most pigmanship skills? |
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Definition
Farrow-Finish (jack of all trades) |
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Term
What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, and lactation, pigs are sold at weaning and sent to a wean finish operation? |
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Definition
Farrow-Wean (wean at 17-18 weeks, 10-12 lbs) |
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Term
What type of production requires less pigmanship skills, has split sex feeding, and market weight of 270 lbs? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, lactation, and nursery which can be off site? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of production has the least pigmanship necessary and practice AIAO (all in all out)? |
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Definition
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Term
In the commercial swine industry, what animal is the most important? |
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Definition
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Term
Age of puberty of sows is what? |
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Definition
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Term
The duration of estrous and estrus in the sow? |
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Definition
Estrous = 21 days, Estrus = 2-3 days |
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Term
Why is there a high turnover rate of young females after the 1st estrus postpartum? |
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Definition
Females not returning back into estrus |
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Term
What is the best way to detect sow/gilts that are in estrus? |
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Definition
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Term
When a sow stands for back pressure is called what? |
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Definition
Lordosis or standing estrus |
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Term
What are 3 mating systems used in the Swine industry? |
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Definition
Pen mating, Hand mating, and AI |
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Term
What mating system uses natural service, sued on natural/organic farms, 1 boar to 5-10 females, much less labor? |
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Definition
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Term
What mating system uses natural service, bring boar to sow, observe mating, separate boar and sow, labor intensive? |
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Definition
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Term
On average, boars can produce enough semen to inseminate how many females? |
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Definition
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Term
What mating system uses fresh semen, used by large intergrators, collected from boars on site? |
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Definition
Artificial Insemination (AI) |
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Term
Why are Gestation crates not liked? |
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Definition
Animal cannot turn around |
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Term
Farrowing stalls provide what for the piglets and sows? |
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Definition
Provide protection from mom crushing babies, and provides dual heat for mom and babies (mom = <70 degrees) (piglets = 85-95 degrees) |
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Term
Gestation crates with wood are bad why? |
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Definition
Sanitation issue, wood cant be cleaned |
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Term
Swine feed counts for what percentage of production cost? |
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Definition
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Term
A "pot" carries how many pigs to harvest? |
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Definition
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Term
In world meat consumption, what place is pork? |
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Definition
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Term
What country is the #1 pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
What country is the 2nd pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
What country is the 3rd pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
First cattle in the US was brought to what state and by who? |
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Definition
Florida by Ponce De Leon (1513) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What industry segment has the role of providing genetic bases for the industry, composed of 2 type of operations (elite, multiplier), and product of purebred breeding stock with primarily bulls? |
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Definition
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Term
What industry segment has the role of producing young calves that the industry will purchase, grow-out, and untimely harvest? |
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Definition
Cow-Calf segment (Florida beef industry) |
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Term
What state is #1 for beef cows? |
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Definition
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Term
Primarily weaned calves are 500 lbs and between how many months of age? |
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Definition
5-7 months old (mostly 6) |
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Term
What are cull cows and bulls turned into? |
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Definition
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Term
What state is 2nd for beef cows? |
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Definition
Oklahoma (Florida is 12th) |
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Term
In the Cow-Calf segment, what are the 3 production factors of importance? |
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Definition
% calf crop, weaning weight, and dam performance |
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Term
What industry segment has the role of forage based growth program that is seasonal, the objective to increase frame size and minimize fattening,where majority of them feed using winter wheat? |
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Definition
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Term
What industry segment has the role of finish cattle using high energy rations, composed of 2 main types of operations (commercial and farmer-feeder), have to be monitored due to grain feeding? |
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Definition
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Term
With having 85% grain being feed at feedlots, what can happen to the cattle? |
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Definition
pH of the rumen can be lowered from lactic acid which decreases respiration |
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Term
What state is #1 in feedlots? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the 3 production factors of importance in feedlots? |
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Definition
Increase average of daily gain, decrease feed to grain, and yield and quality (choice beef) |
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Term
What industry segment has the role that humanely convert live animals to safe and wholesome meat products(boxed beef)? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the top 4 packers that harvest 80-85% of cattle? |
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Definition
1)Cargill Meat Solutions, 2)Tyson, 3)JBS, 4)National Beef Packing Company |
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Term
What industry segment deals with retail to grocery, restaurants, and food services? |
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Definition
Retail and Consumer segment |
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Term
Largest grocery store in meat retail? |
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Definition
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Term
63% of beef consumed at home is what kind of meat? |
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Definition
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Term
75% of restaurants serve what kind of beef? |
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Definition
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Term
How does the average consumer cook their steak? |
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Definition
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Term
Beef cattle breed are categorized into what 2 species? |
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Definition
Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus |
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Term
Beef cattle breeds are categorized into what 5 types? |
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Definition
British, Continental, American, Dairy, and Dual purpose |
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Term
What British beef cattle is known for its marbling, is black, and gets to choice very easily? |
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Definition
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Term
What British beef cattle has all the same characteristics of the black Angus cattle, but is red? |
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Definition
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Term
What British beef cattle is brown with white or red and white, is polled or horned, and is not that common? |
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Definition
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Term
What British beef cattle is dual purpose by dairy/meat, and make good moms? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, white, large frames with a lot of muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, red/brown, and large framed? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is white, very large, and a high strong temper? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is from Switzerland, large framed, and has good mothering abilities? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is German bred, large frame size, and muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is gray/tan, dual purpose milking/meat, gave rise to Brown Swiss, and not widely used in US? |
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Definition
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Term
What Continental beef cattle is from France, dual purpose maternal/milking, red, and used a little in US? |
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Definition
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Term
What American beef cattle is known for its ears and hump, cream/grays, great moms, not good for feedlots, best known for its tolerances for heat? |
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Definition
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Term
What American beef cattle is red, dual purpose maternal/muscle, and likes cooler climates? |
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Definition
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Term
What American beef cattle is black and a cross between Brahman (3/8) and Angus (5/8)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What American beef cattle is red and a cross between Brahman and Red Angus? |
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Definition
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Term
What American beef cattle has a white face and brown body, developed in Florida, and a cross between Brahman and Hereford? |
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Definition
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Term
What American beef cattle is brow/red, developed in Texas, cross between a Brahman and a Shorthorn? |
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Definition
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Term
What Dairy beef cattle is more known for its milking then meat and is black and white? |
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Definition
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Term
What Spanish beef cattle is not used in breeding programs, tolerate to Florida climate , and very small? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the trend in beef breeds? |
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Definition
Black hide due to certified Angus beef program |
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Term
What are the Top 2 Continental beef cattle breeds? |
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Definition
Angus (48.2%) and Charolais (9.5%) |
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Term
What are the 3 beef cattle breeding programs used? |
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Definition
Terminal crossbreeding, Rotational crossbreeding (most common),and Composite |
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Term
Beef cattle has good monocular vision but poor what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What 3 colors can beef cattle see? |
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Definition
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Term
What do beef cattle use to distinguish between other cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
Beef cattle's hearing are sensitive to what kind of noises? |
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Definition
Sensitive to loud, high pitched noises |
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Term
What is the animals personal space that handlers can move the animal with? |
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What is the beef cattle's point of balance? |
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Beef cattle have a social behavior that is called Gregarious. What does it mean? |
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Herd instinct, follow the leader |
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What is the normal temperature of a beef cattle? |
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How long is the beef cattle's estrous cycle? |
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What is the saliva production of beef cattle? |
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What is the ideal BCS in beef cattle? |
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What are the 2 major eye problems in beef cattle? |
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Where on the cattle are proper injection sites? |
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inner muscle injections on the neck, and subcutaneous injections behind the front leg |
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What is important to have for health records in beef cattle? |
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ROA = Route of Administration |
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What does LA stand for on a processing chart for beef cattle? |
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