Term
| Which species can AI be performed on? |
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Definition
| All livestock, dogs, cats, poultry, lab animals, invertibrates |
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Term
| What did Anton von Leeuwenhoek do, and when? |
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Definition
| 1677: Created simple microscope and discovered/described semen in sperm as "animalcules" |
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Term
| Why are the 1300s important to AI? |
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Definition
| Some documentation leading people to believe that the Arabs were AIing horses |
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Term
| What did Lazaro Spallanzani contribute to AI and when? |
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Definition
| 1780: First successful AI (using dogs) and early studies of freezing and thawing stallion semen |
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Term
| What is E.I. Ivanoff known for? When? |
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Definition
| Early 1900s: First to AI horses, cattle and sheep |
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Term
| What is G. Amantea known for and when? |
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Definition
| 1914: Developed the first artificial vagina (used dogs) |
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Term
| What event happened in 1936? |
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Definition
| First AI cooperative in Denmark |
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Term
| What was developed in 1937? |
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Definition
| Rectovaginal technique in cattle by Danish vets |
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Term
| What did E.J. Perry do? When? |
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Definition
| 1938: Formed first AI cooperative in US |
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Term
| What is credited to P.H. Phillips and H.A. Lardy? When? |
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Definition
| Late 1930s: Developed egg-yolk based extender |
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Term
| What is A.M. Sorenson known for? |
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Definition
| 1940: Introduced the plastic straw for storing semen |
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Term
| What happened in the 1940s? |
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Definition
| Electroejaculator created |
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Term
| What is Christopher Polge known for? |
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Definition
| 1949: Discovered Glycerol as cryoprotectant (still used for semen and embryos) |
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Term
| What is important about 1954? |
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Definition
| Waterloo cattle breeding assoc. was the first 100% frozen semen breeding operation. |
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Term
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Definition
| American Breeders Service started using liquid nitrogen to freeze/store semen instead of dry ice |
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Term
| What did R. Cassou do? When? |
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Definition
| 1964: Developed Cassou inseminating "gun", refined the plastic straw to make the standard French straw or medium straw (0.5 mL) |
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Term
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Definition
| Shift from glass ampules to plastic straws |
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Term
| What are the advantages/ benefits of AI? |
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Definition
| Genetic improvement; control of disease; accurate records; increased $ return; |
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Term
| What are the disadvantages of AI? |
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Definition
| Need special training; special facilities for heat detection/AI; labor intensive; NUMBER OF ANIMALS MAY BE LIMITING; |
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Term
| What is the most common AI technique in cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is semen deposited in cattle? |
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Definition
| Uterine body, NOT UTERINE HORN |
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Term
| What is the rule about inseminating cows that are heat checked 2x/day? |
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Definition
| AI cows in am that show heat the previous night, AI cows that show heat in am the following night |
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Term
| Why do you follow the am/pm rule in cattle? |
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Definition
| cow has 21 day estrous w/ short estrus of 14-18 hrs and ovulation occurs 12-16 hours later (during metestrus) and bull sperm must be in tract for 12 hrs to capacitate and become viable |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of cholesterol from the plasma membrane before fertilizing potential is reached |
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Term
| How long is an oocyte fertilizable in a cow? Is this shorter or longer than most livestock species? |
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Definition
| Oocytes are fertilizable for up to 12 hrs post-ovulation. This is an short to average length of fertilizability in oocytes, but is shorter than the viable lifespan of the sperm |
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Term
| Can cattle be inseminated with liquid and frozen sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the inseminating dose for cattle? |
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Definition
| 1 mL volume, with 6-8 mill sperm/dose |
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Term
| What are the drawbacks to liquid semen, making frozen semen more preferred? |
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Definition
| Liquid semen requires refrigeration and has a short storage life of about 4 days |
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Term
| What are the benefits to frozen semen over liquid semen in cattle? What is the drawback? |
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Definition
| Frozen semen has a indefinite storage time; goes through freeze/thaw very well but drawback is that it requires a liquid nitrogen freezer |
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Term
| What is the volume of a standard French straw? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the volume of the modified french straw? |
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Definition
| 0.25 mL, same length as the standard french but 1/2 the diameter |
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Term
| What is the volume of the continental straw? |
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Definition
| 0.25 mL; same diameter as the standard french but only have the length |
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Term
| What are the advantages of the straw? |
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Definition
| Increased post-thaw viability b/c straw shape allows for more even distribution of heat, lowers amount of exposure to heat b/c water bath is only 20-60 sec |
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Term
| What is the conception rate after the 1st AI service? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the conception rate after the second AI service? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the conception rate after the use of clean up bull? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Heat check 2x/day; use am/pm rule when breeding; 0.5mL dose with 6-8mill sperm/straw; 70% motility; 80%+ normal sperm; body temp for 20-60sec; rectovaginal technique; uterine body = site of deposition |
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Term
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Definition
| Standing heat: a behavior induced by the presence of a large estrogen secreting follicle |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cycle in females |
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Term
| What is the most common way of detecting estrus in cattle? How successful is it? |
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Definition
| Visual inspection; one of least successful b/c improperly trained personnel and frequency/timing cows show estrus (all day, only get checked at certain times) |
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Term
| How is estrus detection commonly done in swine? |
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Definition
| Allowing boar to mingle with the gilts/sows |
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Term
| How long is estrus in gilts? Sows? |
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Definition
| 34-42 hours in gilts, 48-72 hours in sows |
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Term
| What is the timing interval for inseminating swine? |
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Definition
| 12 and 24 hours post standing estrus (gilts); 24 and 36 hours post standing estrus (sows) |
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Term
| what is the relation between weaning to estrus interval and duration of ovulation? |
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Definition
| WEI is negatively related to duration of ovulation (longer WEI = shorter duration of estrus) |
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Term
| What are the two major reasons for "customizing" the insemination protocol on a farm? |
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Definition
| avoid wasting insemination doses and late insemination can have negative effects on pregnancy rate/litter size |
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