Term
| What are some examples of a macro mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of a micro mineral? |
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Definition
| Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb, Mo, Ni, V, Se |
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Term
| What have a negative energy charge and examples are Cl-, I-, PO4-3? |
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Definition
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Term
| What have a positive energy charge and examples are Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the pre 1900s what were not considered essential for livestock nutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals are present in all what of living things? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be cured by adding deficient minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Minerals can be tested using what 2 things? |
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Definition
| Deficient diets and Depleted diets |
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Term
| Deficient diet is difficult since small amounts of minerals are required and difficult to exclude contributions from what? |
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Definition
| Processing equipment, Air, Water, Cages, Skin, Hair, Clothes |
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Term
| Prosthetic mineral groups in chelated form for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 functions of minerals? |
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Definition
| Osmosis, Structural, and Electrolytes or acid/base |
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Term
| What id critical for preventing milk fever and metabolism of energy, amino acids, Ca and vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What acidifies the ration and facilitates vitamin D receptors which improve the efficiency of Ca absorption from the gut? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral serves as the major structural element in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most abundant mineral in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of Ca is in bones and teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of Ca is in soft tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of P is in the bones and teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of P is in DNA, RNA, ATP,Phospho lipids, and overall metabolism in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What serves as the major reservoir for Ca and P and both can be mobilized when needed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption of Calcium phosphorus occurs in the duodenum and depends on what 4 things? |
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Definition
| Source, Ca:P Ratio, pH, and Presence of vitamin D |
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Term
| What in plants make the source of calcium phosphorus not available? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % is available in animal and inorganic sources? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca:P ratio is important in what 2 things? |
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Definition
| Maintenance and Growing animals |
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Term
| What can never be higher than Ca? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio for dairy cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ratio for laying hens? |
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Definition
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Term
| Low pH is desirable for optimal what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Ca P source has seeds that contain more P than calcium, leaves tend to be high in Ca levels, and phytate makes it unavailable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Ca P source has bone contain products, normally more P than Ca and available 100% |
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Definition
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Term
| What Ca P source contains dicalcium and limestone, availability 100%? |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeleton/teeth, muscle contraction, nerve function, blood clotting, electrolyte or acid base balance and egg shell quality are all function of what mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| For Ca regulation what are the 3 important agents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Ca regulation increases blood Ca by increasing bone metabolism, increasing resorption from proximal kidney nephrons, and increasing absorption from the GIT? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Term
| What Ca regulation decreases blood Ca and increases Ca deposit in bones and is analogous to insulin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral deficiency is similar to vitamin D, poor bone formation, rickets, osteomalacia, soft shell eggs, soft beak and bones and milk fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| High Ca and P requirement for colostrum immediately pre and post partum, inadequate efficiency of absorption from GIT and delay b/w hormonal stimulation and actual Ca release can all cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some symptoms of milk fever? |
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Definition
| Drop in temp, dilated pupils, dullness, reduced respiration rate |
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Term
| What is the treatment for milk fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can milk fever be prevented? |
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Definition
| High Ca diet to low Ca diet 14 days before calving |
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Term
| What mineral has the most functions of any other mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral Deficiency can reduce reproductive performance due to ovarian dysfunction and poor growth, rickets, osteomalacia, stiff joints, muscular weakness and PICA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Depraved appetite (weird eating habits) |
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Term
| Excess P output from livestock can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nutritional secondary Hyperparathyroidism is possible when what? |
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Definition
| Excess P in relation to Ca |
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Term
| What mineral is the principle cation found in extracellular fluid of animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium makes up what % of all the cations in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major reservoir of Na? |
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Definition
| Bone (1/3 stored in bone) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sodium deficiency can result form what 3 things? |
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Definition
| Vomiting, Diarreha, and Profuse sweating |
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Term
| Plasma sodium is controlled by what hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aldosterone Hormone is released and targets the kidney that raises plasma sodium level to prevent what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Principal extracellular cation, acid base balance and pH regulation, regulation of body fluid volume/osmosis, muscle contractions, and buffering agents are all function of what mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Unlikely unless water intake is inadequate |
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Term
| What measures % of blood cells counts vs. plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some deficiencies of Na? |
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Definition
| Cannibalism in birds, dehydration, high hematocrit, decrease blood pressure, and muscle cramps |
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Term
| What mineral is widely available in plant and animal sources, highly available in grass which makes deficiency rare? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are plant sources of K? |
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Definition
| Green leafy vegetables, bananas, and legumes |
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Term
| What are animal sources of K? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nerve impulse transmission, muscle contractions, activation of numerous intracellular enzymes and buffering agent are functions of what mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sustained muscle contractions |
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Term
| Deficiency and toxicity of K are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principal of Cl? |
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Definition
| Anion both intra/extracelluar |
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Term
| What are 2 sources of Cl? |
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Definition
| Salt and Some fruits and vegetables |
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Term
| Maintenance of electrical balance for Na and K, acid base balance, pH regulations, and principal anion in gastric juice (HCL) are all functions of what mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate Cl (blood pH increases) |
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Term
| Deficiency and toxicity of Cl are what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principal of Mg? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 3rd most abundant element in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of the Mg is found in bone tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Leafy green vegetables, whole grains dairy products, and meat |
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Term
| Most plants are rich in Mg because its chelated to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates serum Mg levels and excesses are excreted in the urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mg is the cofactor for the activation of over 300 what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mg cofactor activation of enzymes is necessary for what 3 normal functions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Mg deficiency occurs in ruminants grazing winter pastures and maybe due to acid base? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Mg deficiency cured? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 thing inhibit Mg absorption? |
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Definition
| N&K and High protein diets |
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Term
| Toxicity of Mg is unlikely unless what has occurred? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| S containing amino acids/protein |
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Term
| What mineral is important for acid base balance, important for wool formation, and involved in the drug detoxifying pathways of the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal has the highest requirement of S? |
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Definition
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Term
| S deficiency is unlikely unless what is being fed and what is deficient? |
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Definition
| Feeding ruminants NPN and protein is also deficient |
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Term
| What makes salt blocks red? |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxicity of S is possible when feeding what sulfate to ruminants being fed NPN? |
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Definition
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