Term
Class: Cut & dried forages/roughages.
How much NDF? Energy content? |
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Definition
| Greater than 35% NDF, Low in energy |
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Term
| Carbonaceous rouchages (less than 10% CP) Examples? |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteinaceous Roughages (more than 10% NDF) Examples? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily broadleaf, NONWOODY plants |
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Term
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Definition
| WOODY plants consumd in some degree by ruminants (esp sheep, deer, and goats) |
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Term
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Definition
corn silage
grass silage (WHEAT, OATS BARLEY) |
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Term
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Definition
Alfalfa Silage - haylage
Clover |
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Term
Carbonaceous Concentrates
NDF? CP? Energy? |
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Definition
Less than 35% NDF
HIGH in energy content
LESS than 20% CP |
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Term
Classes:
Carbonaceous Concentrates |
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Definition
Cereal Grains = CORN, WHEAT, OATS, BARLEY & RYE
SORGHUM - MILO, KAFIR
GRAN BYPRODUCTS - BRAN, MIDDLINGS, HOMINEY
MISC FEEDS - ANIMAL FAT, BAKERY BYPRODUCTS |
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Term
Classes:
Proteinaceous Concentrates.
NDF? Energy? CP? |
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Definition
LESS than %35 NDF
MORE than 20% CP
FAIR to HIGH ENERGY CONTENT |
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Term
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Definition
SBM
CSM
Linseed Meal
Peanut Meal |
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Term
Proteinaceous Concentrates
Types |
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Definition
Grain Byprods
- Corn Gluten Meal
-brewer's dried grains
-wheat germ meal
Animal Protein
- blood meal
-fish meal
-meat meal
-dried whey (cheese) |
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Term
Feed Additives
(Species based determination) |
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Definition
Antibiotics
Buffers
Antioxidants
Chemical Preservatives
Pellet binding agents
Probiotics |
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Term
Calcium Content in:
Forages?
Grains? |
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Definition
| Ca in FORAGES=HIGH GRAINs=LOW |
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Term
Phosphorous in:
Forages?
Grains? |
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Definition
| P in FORAGES=LOW GRAINS=HIGH |
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Term
C3 plants are what SEASON?
C4 plants are what SEASON?
Which of the two are more efficient @ photosynthesis? |
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Definition
C3= cool season
C4= warm season
C4 are more efficient than C3 plants @ photosynthesis. |
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Term
CR - Cool Season grasses
(both ann and per) |
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Definition
Timothy, Kentucky bg, Smooth brg, Orchardg, Tall fescue, pRyegrass, Wheatg, Reed Canaryg
Rygrass, wheat, oats, barley, triticale |
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Term
CR - WARM season grasses
(both per and ann) |
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Definition
Big bluestem, Indiang, Switchg, Side-oats gramma, buffalog, Loveg, Elephantg, Common bermg, Coastal bermg, Dallisgrass, Bahiag, Kleing, Limpog, Johnsong.
Forage sorghum, grain sorghum, Crabg, Pearl Millet, Sorghum-sudan hybrids, Sudangrass. |
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Term
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Definition
Corn Silage - whole plant
Sorgum silage - whole plant
Corn stover silage - whole plant
Sorghum stover silage - whole plant
Grass silages
Milo silage
Stover silage |
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Term
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Definition
Straws (oat, wheat, barley)
Hulls (oat, peanut, SB) |
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Term
ProtRough - Cool Season Legumes
(both ann and per) |
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Definition
Alfalfa
Red clover
White Clover
Alsike clover
Birdsfoot trefoil
Arrowleaf clover
crimson clover
subterranean clover
vetch
winter pea |
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Term
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Definition
MORE than 35% NDF
LOW NE
MORE than 10% CP
HIGH Ca LOW P |
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Term
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Definition
MORE than 35% NDF
LOW NE
LESS than 10% CP
HIGH in Ca LOW in P |
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Term
| Proteinaceous Concentrates |
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Definition
LESS than 35% NDF
HIGH NE
MORE than 20% CP
LOW Ca High P |
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Term
| Carbonaceous Concentrates |
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Definition
LESS than 35% NDF
HIGH in NE
LESS than 10% CP
LOW Ca HIGH P |
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Term
Prot Rough
Warm Season Legumes |
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Definition
Peanut
Kudzu
Lespedeza
Cowpea
Alyceclover |
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Term
| As Moisture level at harvest increases, FIELD and Harvest LOSSES..... |
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Definition
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Term
| As MOISTURE level at Harvest INCREASES, Storage LOSSES.... |
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Definition
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Term
6 Types of pasture grazing Systems
CRFSLC |
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Definition
CONTINUOUS - lowest utilization
ROTATIONAL
FIRST-LAST Rotational
STRIP
LIMIT
CREEP |
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Term
| Optimum Moisture content for successful storage? HAY |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Loose hay stacks
Chopped Hay (dry)
Baled or Stacked
Pellets or cube |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiration continues until moisture content reaches 35% - SUGAR and STARCHES lost |
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Term
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Definition
rainfall between cutting/bailing
3 issues, 5-15-60% losses |
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Term
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Definition
leaf shattering= 2-5% grass hay
3-35% alfalfa hay
15-18% is ideal |
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Term
| Strategies to REDUCE FIELD LOSS |
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Definition
1. Use mower conditioner (decrease dry time)
2. Stems dry faster than leaves- kink stem to dry faster
3. Minimize potential weather damage
4. Preservatives during baling - PROPIONIC ACID
5. Use DRYING AGENTS - at time of cutting - POTASSIUM CARBONATE |
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Term
| Methods to REDUCE STORAGE Loss |
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Definition
1.Store hay in Barn or Under Roof
2. Bale w/plastic wrap
3. Cover bales with tarp
**Storage losses are huge for hay on the ground w/no cover-DUH |
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Term
Use Silages compared to Hay??
Advantages and Disadvantages |
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Definition
Silage Advantages= Preserves higher prop of nutrients, high quality, little wastage, not as dependent on good weather, flexibility in harvesting.
Disadvantages: inflexibility in marketing, expensive equipment (more H2O to handle), reduces Ogan matter back in soil. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Air-tight Upright-LOWEST LOSSES, Most Expensive
2.Stave Upright
3.Plastic Airtight
4.Horizontal trench
5.Horizontal AboveGround Bunker
6.Horizontal Dirt-trench-MOST LOSSES, Least Expensive |
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Term
| Acids produced during ENSILING |
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Definition
Acetic
Lactic
Butyric
Propionic
Formic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Field Losses (less than hay)
2. Ensiling Losses(respiration and Fermentation)
3. Spoilage
4. Seepage |
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Term
Good Silage - DM% ???
pH??
Years lasting?
Maturity at Harvest?? |
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Definition
25-35% DM
pH 3.5-4.5
Lasts 10-15 years
Maturity is critical |
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Term
| Corn Silage Milk Line = pg 78 |
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Definition
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Term
Nutritional Quality of FORAGES
Highest to Lowest
Affects of Maturity
Lowest to Highest |
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Definition
1. Legumes=Highest nutr value, lowest maturity affects
2. Cool-season grasses interm, interm maturity affects
3. warm-season grasses lowest, highest maturity affects
4. annual grasses higher than perennials |
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Term
| Which feedstuff is most likely deficient in Ca for beef cattle? |
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Definition
Grain= low Ca high P
Hay = high Ca low P
not hay, not silage= GRAIN IS! |
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Term
Heifers require ...... NEg than bulls/steers?
Heifers require ....... CP than bulls/steers? |
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Definition
| Heifers require MORE energy & MORE CP!! |
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Term
| Macromineral most likely deficient for cattle grazing Bahiagrass pasture?? |
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Definition
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Term
| Maintenance is physiological function of beef that requires the ....... amount/fraction of total dietary energy?? |
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Definition
| LARGEST, NEEDS MOST OF DIET FOR MAINTENANCE |
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Term
| BCS at calving should be ....... [1 to 9 scale] |
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Definition
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Term
| Lower hay moisture at Harvest = increased loss!! |
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Definition
| higher hay moisture at harvest = decreased loss!!! |
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Term
| Well preserved silage contains high levels of which Acids??? |
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Definition
Lactic
Bad silage will have Butyric |
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Term
Types of Grain Processing
3 main |
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Definition
Dry Rolling-crushed, 2 steel rollers, MOST COMMON
Steam Flaking-30 minute steam, incr starch avail.
Hammer Milling- hammered and ground |
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Term
Grass Tetany
(Wheat Pasture Poisoning & Hypomagnesemia) |
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Definition
staggers, twitches, LOW Mg LEVELS IN MUSCLE, die from muscle convulsions.
Pregnant, Lactating, & OLDER cows susceptible.
Can feed MgOxide 2/oz/day
** Problem is low Mg in muscle, SOOO Treat to get Mg levels up*** |
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Term
Pulmonary emphysemia
(FOG Fever or Lungers) |
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Definition
Lung involvement, Cows Die from lack of oxygen, Calves not Susceptible.
Lush grass**
1-2 weeks after putting cattle on pasture.
Treatment= RUMENSIN |
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Term
| Dallisgrass Poisoning or Bermudagrass Tremors |
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Definition
caused by Ergot (fungus)
Tall bermuda grass pastures
tremors
staggers |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrate Concentrations elevated in forage not in concentrates
Metab by anaerobic microbes
Nitrates reduced to ammonia
HORSES and PIGS ingesting forages with elevated levels of NO3 will not be affected because they lack microbial fermentation to reduce nitrate to nitrite. |
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Term
| Factors causing Nitrate levels to be elevated: (Weather, fertilizer, levels in soil) |
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Definition
Drought
frost damage
shading
herbicide treatment
high nitrate in soil |
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Term
| Various levels of Nitrate that is safe and unsafe to feed!!..... |
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Definition
o-1% nitrate is safe
acidosis can occur as well.
1-1.5% can be fed limited amts
1.5 or greater% UNSAFE NOT OK |
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Term
Prussic acid poisoning
(cyanogenic compounds) |
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Definition
| cattle can die 1 to 2 minutes after grazing plants w/ high levels of prussic acid. Haygrazer,Sudangrass, Johnson grass, Sudex. |
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Term
Fescue Grass Toxicity
"Summer Slump" |
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Definition
Alkaloids, dry rot/gangrene on ears, tails, hooves.
Poor performance
Delayed parturition
Red bag syndrome-horses |
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Term
| Energy is needed by the cow for... |
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Definition
Maintenance
pregnancy
lactation
growth |
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Term
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Definition
70%
(of that 70%= 73% of it is for maint, 20% is for lactation, 7% energy for fetal growth) |
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Term
| Energy for cow maintenance= %? |
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Definition
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Term
Metabolic body size formula
NEm requirements |
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Definition
| 0.077 x BW raised to 0.75 power |
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Term
| Bos indicus, Bos Taurus, dairy breeds NEm requirements |
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Definition
indicus- lowest
taurus- interim
dairy breeds- highest |
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Term
| Minerals are important for: |
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Definition
| bone development, appetite, nervous system, fertility, disease resistence, hair coat, skin&hoof health, milk production, and muscle development. |
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Term
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Definition
*Phosphorous
*Magnesium
*Sulfur
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Chlorine |
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Term
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Definition
*Copper
*Zinc
Manganese
*Selenium
Cobalt
Iodine
Iron |
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Term
| Zinc and Selenium are important for.... |
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Definition
Trace minerals
affect fertility
enhance immune system and COLOSTRUM |
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Term
Macro/Micromineral supplementation
different FREE CHOICE ways to supplement
4 ways |
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Definition
Free Choice:
mineral/salt MEAL
mineral/salt BLOCK
mineral-salt LIQUID
limit feed in a protein energy supplment |
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