Term
|
Definition
1) transport of gases
2) transport of nutrients
3) transport of waste products
4) transport of enzymes and hormones
5) transport of heat
6) regulation of pH, electrolyte and water balance
7) protection against pathogens
8) clot formation |
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|
Term
| formed elements are produced via |
|
Definition
| hematopoiesis/hemopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| where does production of formed elements occur? |
|
Definition
| in red bone marrow in post-natal life |
|
|
Term
| proerythroblasts (description) |
|
Definition
| develop into red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| megakaryoblasts (description) |
|
Definition
| develop into megakaryocytes which fragment and form platelets |
|
|
Term
| erythropoietin (EPO) is released by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates |
|
Definition
| red blood cell development |
|
|
Term
| thrombopoietin (TPO) is released by |
|
Definition
| liver and bone marrow (mainly by live) |
|
|
Term
| thrombopoietin (TPO) stimulates |
|
Definition
| megakaryocyte development |
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Term
|
Definition
1) used for those with kidney failure
2) used for those going through chemotherapy
3) used for blood doping in endurance sports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) used for those with liver failure
2) used for those going through chemotherapy |
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|
Term
| shape of RBCs/erythrocytes |
|
Definition
| bi-concave disc (increases surface area and places membrane close to hemoglobin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red pigmented, globular, heme protein that carries oxygen |
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin molecules per RBC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each hemoglobin subunit contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| porphyrin molecule that contains iron |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| can bind up to 4 oxygen molecules |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes (description) |
|
Definition
| contains no organelles (no nucleus and no mitochondria) |
|
|
Term
| production of ATP by erythrocytes |
|
Definition
| produce ATP anaerobically |
|
|
Term
| production of RBCs per second |
|
Definition
| approx. 2.5 million produced per second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reason for increased production of RBCs |
|
Definition
conditions that lower oxygen carrying capacity of blood
1) decreased or defective RBCs
2) decreased or defective Hb
3) low blood oxygen levels |
|
|
Term
| conditions that cause low oxygen levels |
|
Definition
1) lung disease
2) cardiovascular disease
3) smoking
4) high altitude |
|
|
Term
| conditions that cause low oxygen levels stimulate |
|
Definition
| EPO release from the kidneys which stimulates proerythroblast formation |
|
|
Term
| destruction of RBCs per second |
|
Definition
| approx. 2.5 million RBCs destroyed per second |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot repair properly due to lack of nuclear genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worn RBCs rupture as they pass through the spleen and liver and are phagocytized by macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemoglobin subunits are broken down into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heme of hemoglobin is broken down into |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, iron, and biliverdin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| yellowing of the skin, conjunctiva, and mucous membranes due to an increase of free or conjugated bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| cause of prehepatic jaundice |
|
Definition
due to increased RBC destruction
1) liver cannot conjugate all free bilirubin
2) increased free bilirubin in blood |
|
|
Term
| appearance of feces and urine of prehepatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| normal colored feces and urine |
|
|
Term
| prehepatic jaundice is found in |
|
Definition
| newborns due to their high hematocrit (~70%) |
|
|
Term
| cause of hepatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| due to inability of liver to conjugate free bilirubin which causes increased free bilirubin in blood |
|
|
Term
| appearance of feces and urine in hepatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| pale colored feces and light colored urine |
|
|
Term
| hepatic jaundice is found in |
|
Definition
1) premature babies due to immature liver
2) those with liver damage |
|
|
Term
| cause of posthepatic/obstructive jaundice |
|
Definition
blockage of bile drainage which causes
1) conjugated bilirubin to not be able to enter small intestine
2) increased conjugated bilirubin in blood |
|
|
Term
| appearance of feces and urine in posthepatic jaundice |
|
Definition
| pale colored feces and dark colored urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) phototherapy/bili light (infants only)
2) exchange transfusion |
|
|
Term
| kernicterus (description) |
|
Definition
| bilirubin toxicity in the CNS; seen almost exclusively in infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) extreme jaundice
2) lethargic
3) muscle rigidity
4) high pitched cry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) seizures
2) retardation
3) hearing loss
4) death |
|
|
Term
| hematocrit/Packed cell volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of hematocrit for males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of hematocrit for females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of hemoglobin concentration for males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of hemoglobin concentration for females |
|
Definition
| 11.5 mg to 16 mg/dl blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) fatigue
2) dyspnea
3) malaise(general state of discomfort)
4) pallor (pale skin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) loss of blood due to hemorrhage
2) lack of EPO
3) iron deficiency anemia
4) pernicious anemia
5) folate deficiency anemia
6) aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| how is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| by determining iron levels |
|
|
Term
| treatment of iron deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pernicious anemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| by determining vitamin B12 levels |
|
|
Term
| treatment of pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
| increase intake of B12 or vitamin B12 shots |
|
|
Term
| cause of pernicious anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is folate deficiency anemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| by determining levels of folate |
|
|
Term
| treatment of folate deficiency anemia |
|
Definition
| increase intake of folate |
|
|
Term
| aplastic anemia (description) |
|
Definition
| damage to red bone marrow; possibly autoimmune or due to certain therapeutic drugs |
|
|
Term
| how is aplastic anemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment of aplastic anemia |
|
Definition
1) immunosuppressive drugs
2) bone marrow transplant (cure) |
|
|
Term
| thalassemia (description) |
|
Definition
| defective hemoglobin due to genetic mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective or absent alpha globin subunit; mild to severe forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective or absent beta globin subunit; mild to severe forms |
|
|
Term
| how is thalassemia diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) frequent blood transfusions
2) bone marrow transplant (cure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective beta subunit on hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| treatment of sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
1) blood transfusions
2) bone marrow transplant
3) hydroxyurea (reactiveates HbF which blocks sickling) |
|
|
Term
| factors that increase the risk of sickle cell crisis |
|
Definition
1) hypoxia
2) acidosis
3) dehydration
4) infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when Hb molecules polymerize and RBC dehydrates which causes RBCs to clump and block blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) lung disease
2) cardiovascular disease
3) high altitude
4) smoking
5) shots of EPO
6) blood doping |
|
|
Term
| blood doping (description) |
|
Definition
| transfusion of RBCs into a recipient |
|
|
Term
| polycythemia (description) |
|
Definition
| increased percentage of RBCs due to increased EPO; increases viscosity of blood |
|
|
Term
| normal range of leukocytes(WBCs) |
|
Definition
| 5,000 to 9,000 WBCs/ul of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated count (can indicate infection); above 10,000/ul |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally low WBC (lower than 5,000/ul); result of AIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1)overproduction of any one type of WBC
2)most common cancer among children
3)affects 10x more adults than children |
|
|
Term
| normal range of thrombocytes (platelets) |
|
Definition
| ~150,000 to 400,000/ul of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased platelet count; less than 50,000: danger of uncontrolled bleeding |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
usually asymptomatic unless platelet count is very low; purpura
e.g. blood of mouth, gums, digestive tract, brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) petechiae (small spots)
2) ecchymoses (large spots) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red or purple discolorations on the skin |
|
|
Term
| treatment of thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
| TPO and platelet transfusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary thrombocytosis (description) |
|
Definition
| thrombosis (blood clots) form if platelets are normal |
|
|
Term
| treatment of primary thromobocytosis |
|
Definition
| daily low-dose aspirin (inhibits clotting mechanism) |
|
|
Term
| causes of excessive bleeding |
|
Definition
1) Hemophilia A, B, C
2) Von Wildebrand disease
3) Vit. K deficiency
4) liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common form of hemophilia |
|
Definition
| hemophilia A (85% of cases) |
|
|
Term
| Von Wildebrand disease is due to |
|
Definition
| deficiency of vWF and factor 8 |
|
|
Term
| causes of vit K deficiency |
|
Definition
1) extensive antibiotic treatment
2) lack of Vit K in diet
3) malabsorption diseases
4) newborns (lack flora to produce vit K) |
|
|
Term
| Vit K is needed to synthesize |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of liver (in relation to blood) |
|
Definition
| makes most of the clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of thrombus that dislodges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when embolus becomes lodged in a smaller blood vessel |
|
|
Term
| causes of excessive clotting |
|
Definition
| typically caused by damage to or inflammation of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| excessive clotting activates |
|
Definition
| intrinsic clotting mechanism |
|
|
Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) [description] |
|
Definition
| massive clotting of blood in the body (which causes depeletion of platelet and clotting factor); massive bleeding follows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) obstetrics complications
2) sepsis
3) tissue trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) transfuse platelets (during massive bleeding)
2) transfuse plasma (during massive bleeding)
3) anticoagulants (if caught early and clotting is occurring) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowed or halted blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of activated clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) congestive heart failure
2) aneurysms
3) sitting too long without contraction of leg muscles |
|
|
Term
| risk factors for clot formation |
|
Definition
1) overweight
2) pregnancy and childbirth
3) supplemental estrogen
4) smoking |
|
|
Term
| control of clot formation is by |
|
Definition
1) anticoagulants
2) blood thinners |
|
|
Term
| function of anticoagulants |
|
Definition
| prevent unwanted clotting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) antithrombin
2) heparin
3) prostacyclin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma protein that slowly inactivates a number of clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits platelets from releasing coagulation factors; produced by endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs given exogenously to control formation of clots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) heparin
2) coumadin/warfarin
3) plavix
4) aspirin
5) hirudin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| competes with vitamin K; prevents synthesis of vit. K dependent clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks ADP receptors on the surface of platelets; causes platelets to not be activated and therefore cannot aggregate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits COX-1 inhibitor; inhibits thromboxane A2 secreted by platelets which prevents platelet aggregation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein contained in the saliva of leeches; blocks thrombin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) streptokinase
2) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) |
|
|
Term
| function of clot busting drugs |
|
Definition
| activate plasminogen to produce plasmin; plasmin digests fibrin (fibrinolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reasons for red blood cell transfusion |
|
Definition
1) hemolytic diseases
2) congestive heart failure |
|
|
Term
| blood transfusion of cells |
|
Definition
| donated cells should contain the same antigen as the recipient |
|
|
Term
| blood transfusion of plasma |
|
Definition
| donated plasma should contain the same antibody as the recipient |
|
|
Term
| reasons for plasma transfusion |
|
Definition
1) replenish clotting factors
2) prep for procedure on someone who is on coumadin therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| universal plasma recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
