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organized life in groups feature shared with other animals |
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traditions and customs, transmitted through learning guide the beliefsand behaviors f people exposed to them |
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process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses involves interaction between culture and biology 4 types: 1. genteic (many generations) 2. Long term physiological or developmental (one lifetime) 3. Short term- immediate physiological 4. cultural, technological |
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a geographically isolated subdivision of species does not exist humans have not been geographically isolated variation between population is gradual |
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| the writing of culture based on first hand research |
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ethnographers take part in the activities being observed try not to change events stay for a long period of time |
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the study of how people are related organizing principles 1. kinship- who you're related to 2. descent- who your ancestors are 3. marriage- not definable cross-culturally |
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| well infomed people who provide very useful and complete information |
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intimate and personal recolections shows diversity among cultures people experience the world differently knowledge is socially constructed |
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emphasizes the categories, interpretations, and features that the anthropologist considers important. eg: thanksgiving emic: national holiday, family reunion etic: postharvest festival |
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pioneered long-term feild work salvage ethnography- recorded ways of life threatened by westernization emic- indigenous view point |
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| Interpretive Anthropologists |
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| ethnographers should describe and interpret that which is meaningful to the natives |
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cultures are texts tat we interepret culture is expressed in public smbols that can be interpreted differently meaning is contextual |
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| Experimental Anthropology |
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question ethnographic realism (the possibliity of an objective scientific account) ethnographers always incorporate their POV into the account wether they know it or not this bias is acknowledged |
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a romanticized timelessness before westernization cultures are constantly changing |
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large scale societies more impersonal allows inferences about the larger population |
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the process through which a child learns of his culture through his culture 1. direct instruction 2. observation |
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| all human populations/ groups share the same capacity for culture |
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-unique to humans - often transmitted through symbols ability to use symbols is the basis of culture- words and language |
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-transmitted in groups - unifies people by provding us with common experience -mediates or interaction with nature- cooking, serving -all encompassing- includes all aspects of human behavior -integrated- change in one aspect causes change in another |
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| ideas, attitudes, and beliefs which are so basic that they provide an organizational logic for the rest of the culture |
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| idealized descriptions of a culture given by its natives |
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responses to environmental challenges in nature |
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not evident to the members of a culture -cars |
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judging other cultures based on your own standards of culture -contributes to social solidarity -cultural universal |
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| The values of one culture should not be used to evaluate another culture |
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features that are found in every culture -incest taboo |
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common to several but not all human groups -nuclear family sources: 1. diffusion- hamburger 2. independent invention- pottery across the world |
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features that are unique to certain cultural traditions -halloween |
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include a groups ability t preserve its cultural traditions - herders should not be forced to farm -right to religious beliefs and practices |
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the exchange of features that results when groups come into continuous first hand contact - pidgen, hybrid language |
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is learned part of enculturation |
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consist of a limited number of sounds that are produced in responce to specific stimuli not creative -primates |
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| -the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions |
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| study of the sounds used in speech |
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| studies how the sounds combine to form words |
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| contains all of the smallest units of speech that have meaning |
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refers to the rules that order words -grammar |
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argued for a universal grammar any language is translatable to any other language - evidence to this claim |
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different languages = different ways of thinking language, thought, and culture are interrelated |
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-speech differences in men and women - women tend to speak in a more standard dialect and use fewer "power" words |
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| Stratification and Symbolic Domination |
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where social stratification exisits, the dialect of the dominant class is considered standard and is valued more than the dialects of the lower strata symbolic capital- status linked dialects affect the economic and social prospects of the people who speak them |
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studies the relationships of languages - protolanguages and daughter languages latin and french |
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euphamism jargon bueacratese- piling on words unnecessarily using the passive voice |
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