Term
|
Definition
| linguistic, socio-cultural, biological, archaeology, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of past cultures based upon their material remains, such as architecture, housewares, tools, and art forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The learned beliefs, knowledge, practices, and behavior with which people live as a group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same thing as "a society" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To understand a particular culture, you must understand how all of its components (such as religion, economy, politics, and kinship) function in interaction with one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any particular behavior within a culture should be analyzed and understood by placing it in the context of a holistic view of that culture, its history and multiple components. |
|
|
Term
| Nonjudgmental implication |
|
Definition
| Some argue that this means there are no universal standards by which a cultural practice can be judged as appropriate or not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Others argue that even after understanding a particular cultural practice by placing it within the context of a holistic view of the culture that produces that behavior, we can still make basic humanistic judgments of whether that practice is appropriate. |
|
|
Term
| Cultural Resource Management," |
|
Definition
| required by federal and state laws, drives a majority of archaeology projects today. |
|
|
Term
| 5,009 B.P corresponds to what date in the B.C.E. system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modern form of archaeology could not exist until it was widely held that: |
|
Definition
| the human past is knowablethis past is of considerable time depthvalid and reliable means of measuring past time can be developed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1785 A.D., argued that geological strata can be studied systematically, with layering showing great time depth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1833 A.D., argued that different strata and types of bedrock formed over very long periods --millions of years --through uniform, slow processes; proposed "uniformitarianism" versus sudden "creation" |
|
|
Term
| Jacques Boucher de Perthes |
|
Definition
| 1841 A.D., excavating in deep stone quarries in France, finds stone hand axes with remains of extinct animals in deep strata, and argues for great antiquity of humankind. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| empirical science, "objective" observations of things and events, generalization statements (observe and make general comments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposition or hypothesis, method to test hypothesis, data set to examine to test hypothesis (need to form hypothesis and try to prove it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compare differential popularities in style trends for particular artifact types from site to site, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dating techniques are also often called "absolute" dating techniques. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lewis Binford and Stanley South |
|
Definition
| proponents of the adaptive view of culture |
|
|
Term
| ideational view of cultures |
|
Definition
| cultures are shaped by internal dynamics (ex: individuals (self aggrandizers)) environment only places constraints on what is possible and sustainable |
|
|
Term
| adaptive view of cultures |
|
Definition
| "culture" is humankind's "extrasomatic means of adaptation" to the surrounding environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homo-habilis, 2.6-1.5 mya, hammer, core, flakes (flakes=tool) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
homo erectus and hiedelbergensis 1.6mya-300 thousand years ago,characterized by large tools 4 main types.
handaxw: large bifacially flaked tool, resembles a tear drop.
Cleaver: edge is perpendicular to the handle
Pick: just like a handaxe but it doesn't have the edge, just a point. smaller than handaxe
knife: small and thin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homosapiens and neanderthals, 300-40 kya, defined by Levallois tools (predetermined shape) and composite tools (made of different materials) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homo sapien (40-10 kya) characterized by microliths (disposable blades and burins (the mounting for the blade). Also, bone tools became used during this period and atlatl's were used in hunting. Artwork as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Oasis hypothesis" low amounts of resources leads populations to congregate in oases with plentiful resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ""Packing Hypothesis": low resources lead populations to broaden their staple diet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors impacting modes of exchange and reciprocity |
|
Definition
| increasing social stratification, increasing specialization of labor, standardized medium of exchange (money) |
|
|
Term
| key features to state-level societies |
|
Definition
urban populations
monumental architecture
art forms
writing system
astronomy, geometry, accounting, arithmetic
long-distance trade
redistribution of surplus
full-time labor specialization
distribution of the surplus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st Mesopotamian civilization 5,000 BC-4,100 BC Ubaid period, formation of tells because of temples built upon oneanother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd Mes civilization 4100BC-3100BC Construction of Anu Ziggurat, larger than Eridu=more power. also invented cunneiform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediately after Uruk decline, Queen Shub-Ad's tomb buried with poison drinking servants |
|
|
Term
| Harappan culture in the Indus Valley |
|
Definition
| indoor plumbing, NO monumental architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3,500 BP, sedentism WITH HUNTER-GATHERING |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8,000 BP sedentism and domestication (plants and dogs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows shift btwn hunter-gatherers and agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monks mound=largest monumental structure in pre-european N. America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1766-1122 BC 1st China dynasty, famous for bronze working, SCAPULIMANCY buried with luxury goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 246 BC developed iron working by 600 BC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| china's 1st emperor, built great wall, terracotta army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unified Egypt (changed the hat), unification caused implication of writing system, niched facade buildings of Heitocopolys, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Build 1st pyramid of Giza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Built subsequent pyramid and sphyinx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| built temples of Abu Simbel dedicated to Hathor and Horus gods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Copan: Rosalila temple...Tikal: stepped pyramids on top of eachother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyramid of the Sun (largest in Amer.), Moon, feathered serpent. Built in Mexico city |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tenochitlan=Mexico city, sacrifice and cannibalism, creation of city myth (prickly pear) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 200AD-700AD, Cahuachi built in desert, underground water storage and aqueducts. Polychrome pottery. Geoglyphs! processions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Greeks of the Andes" no writing system but incredible metal workers. ONLY GOLD SILVER AND COPPER. Complex social order Hucca pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mid 1400s huge empire, no writing, wheel, or draft animals, monumental architecture, no morter, incredible massons |
|
|
