Term
Q: The best evidence indicates that MHC polymorphisms are driven by _________?
a. Evolution
b. Sexual selection
c. Parasites
d. Inbreeding |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Women who used OC scored __(1.)_lower/higher__ on measures of sexual satisfaction and partner attraction. However, the same women were _(2.)_less/more__ satisfied with their partner’s paternal provision. |
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Definition
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Term
| Q: What are Vasomotor Symptoms? Do they occur during lactation, menopause, or both? |
|
Definition
| A: Vasomotor Symptoms are commonly known as hot flashes which happen because of low estrogen levels. They result from alterations in the temperature-regulatory centers of the hypothalamus. VMS occurs during both lactation and menopause. |
|
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Term
| Q: Overall, our findings illustrate how ___biological/physical_____ and ____scientific/cultural____ factors interact and provide useful explanations of variations in breastfeeding structure and social interactions more so than either perspective alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Q: What is the purpose of hyperinsulinaemia? |
|
Definition
| A: The primary purpose is to maintain normal glucose tolerance. |
|
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Term
| Q: Sleep pressure rises/lowers during waking, declines/increases during sleep and decreases/ increases with sleep deprivation. |
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Definition
| A: rises; declines; increases |
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Term
|
Definition
| A: Osteoporosis is defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures. |
|
|
Term
Q: What is the main virus bats are associated with?
a. Rabies
b. Flu
c. Cholera
d. Meningitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Q: What suggestions are given to mitigate influenza infection?
a. Vaccination
b. Social Distancing
c. Hand washing
d. Common sense
e. All of the above
f. Only a and c |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the Jarman-Bell principle? |
|
Definition
| A: The smaller the animal, the higher quality foods required per unit body mass. Conversely, larger animals require less quality foods because they have lower energy requirements per unit body mass. |
|
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Term
| Q: What is the general consensus about the efficacy of antibacterial soap containing triclosan in moderate concentrations versus regular soap? |
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Definition
| A: The authors found that the majority of studies conclude that the effectiveness of antibacterial soap was similar to that of plain soap. |
|
|
Term
Q: From which primate group did the virus that causes HIV come from?
a. Titi Monkeys
b. Mangabeys
c. Gorillas
d. Chimpanzees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the “schizophrenia paradox?” |
|
Definition
| A: The persistence of this high-prevalence genetically based disease which occurs across populations despite demonstrating impaired fecundity in the individuals who express this trait. |
|
|
Term
| Q: "Although the proposed evolutionary explanations and models may seem to be very different, they share one common element --," What is this element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the three classical symptoms of ADHD? |
|
Definition
| A: Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
|
|
Term
| Q: True or false: It took longer for people to detect discrepant flowers and mushrooms in a test area than it did to detect a snake. |
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Definition
|
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Term
Q: In the story from China about the poor boy wanting to marry the rich girl, the girl’s mother served the boy’s mother coffee and ____ to signal her disapproval of the relationship?
a.acorns
b.banana
c.cake
d.dung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is rickets and how is it caused? |
|
Definition
| A: In children vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets, which is characterized by skeletal deformities: bowed legs, abnormal curvature of the spine, pelvic deformities and breastbone projection in the chest. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What was used to control for hormonal variables between OC users and non OC users? |
|
Definition
| A: aNOVA. (etting said this wasn't a good test question) |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the three hypothesis for the function of MHC-dependant mating preferences? |
|
Definition
| A: 1. MHC dependent mates may produce MHC combinations to increase resistance to infectious disease. 2. MHC dependent mate preference may enable hosts to provide a moving target against rapidly evolving parasites that adapt to their host's MHC genotypes. 3. To avoid inbreeding. |
|
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Term
| Q: What was Suarez's and Gallup's theory on why depression is triggered in response to the death of a child? |
|
Definition
| A: "Suarez and Gallup theorize that depression in response to the death of a child may be an adaptive mechanism that functions to (1) punish instances of inappropriate parenting or neglect, and (2) trigger social and psychological support from close friends and relatives during the particular difficult period following the loss of an infant... because bottle feeding simulates child loss at the physiological level it may also play an important role in postpartum depression" |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the biological purpose of hot flashes in postpartum women? |
|
Definition
| A: Possibly to provide heat for the infant. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Who were the earliest carriers of the G2019s mutation? |
|
Definition
| A. Possibly Moroccan Berbers |
|
|
Term
| Q: Absence of what infection results in no obvious target antigen for this branch of the immune system causing aeroallergen sensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the two ways osteoporosis originates? |
|
Definition
| A: Osteoporosis originates in two ways: a rapid loss after menopause as a result of estrogen withdrawal and a gradual age-related bone loss in older persons- in both men and women. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are mesopredators? |
|
Definition
| Smaller carnivores such as coyotes, foxes and domestic cats whose population increases with the loss of top carnivores such as wolves, cougars and bears |
|
|
Term
| Q: How did our early species diet relate to brain size? |
|
Definition
| An explanation for the energy-rich diet of our species is that it reflects an adaptation to the high metabolic costs of our large brains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A(H3N2) is also known as influenza B |
|
|
Term
| Which primates may have been responsible for passing SIV to humans? |
|
Definition
| Chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What active ingredient makes antibacterial soap, "antibacterial"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the "schizophrenia paradox"? |
|
Definition
| People with schizophrenia had low progeny, yet the disease was still being maintained in the gene pool. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why do females engage in eating disorders in the sexual competition hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| To maintain their "nubile" shape. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Yuen and Jablonski, light skin was sexually or naturally selected for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of physician-patient relationship is prevalent in Asian cultures? |
|
Definition
| Hierarchical mode of relationships. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is isonymy, and what may it indicate? |
|
Definition
| Isonymy is when two parents share a surname, and it may indicate that some cancers are a recessive gene. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, why is alcoholism less frequent in East Asian populations? |
|
Definition
| East Asians have a "deficiency of alcohol metabolizing capacity". |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is a major histocompatibility (MCH) and how does that effect, women’s body odors? |
|
Definition
| A: MHC is a group of genes that is important in immune recognition and has products that also affect body odor. |
|
|
Term
| Q: In comparison of premenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 40-55, what did the research indicate was more common? |
|
Definition
| The research showed that regardless of age stratum; cardiovascular disease (CVD) was more common in the postmenopausal group than in the premenopausal group. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Oxytocin during breast-feeding? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin is responsible for the milk ejection reflex (MER), and is released into the mother’s bloodstream at every feeding. Additionally, MER triggered by oxytocin release provides the largest proportion of breast milk consumed. |
|
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Term
| According to the article, What is the most dramatic transition in physical activity in prehistoric of the genus Homo? |
|
Definition
| The most dramatic transition in the prehistory of genus Homo was the shift from a hunting and gathering economy to one based primarily on plant domestication. A transition known as the Neolithic transition in the old world. |
|
|
Term
| According to the article, What did Charles et al. discover at the level of individual households during the North American outbreaks of HPS? |
|
Definition
| A: Charles et al. discovered that a high local abundance of deer mice was significant risk factor for HPS during the original outbreaks in North American. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, what causes immunity to pathogens? |
|
Definition
| A: Human immune systems have been sharpened by repeated encounters with a wide variety of pathogens on the local level and thus, have developed effective defense mechanisms for dealing with most pathogens. Prior to the growth of more complex societies and empires, these early human-microbe interactions responsible for building immunity were restricted by the boundaries of relatively isolated societies and ecosystems; local peoples adapt to local pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, what is the absolute intake of meat per day between chimpanzees and humans? |
|
Definition
| A: Chimpanzee per capita meat intake is estimated at about 10 to 40 g per day, while human meat intake ranges from about 270 to 1,400 g per person per day. Although the researchers indicated that chimpanzee males eat much more meat than do females and juveniles, they concluded that, in general, members of foraging societies eat more than ten times as much meat as do chimpanzees. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, what did the occurrence of Schizophrenia across nations implies? |
|
Definition
| A: According to the article, the occurrence across nations implies that schizophrenia was established at least at the time of the migration out of Africa by Homo erectus, 150–100,000 years ago (Crow, 1995) and could have been present well before that. This finding gives ample time for schizophrenia to be ‘filtered’ out, if it was maladaptive; instead it is found in many different environments. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, what is Surbey’s claimed about the reproductive suppression hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| A: Surbey claimed that anorexia nervosa might postpone puberty in girls who are predisposed to early maturity. Early and late maturers have different life histories in modern societies and it seems that developing anorexia nervosa adjust a girl’s developmental trajectory from that of an early maturer to that of a late maturer through the reduction of sexual fat. Namely, anorexic female body attract fewer males, and girl's libido is reduced, which leaves a girl more time for pursuing academic success and career that is highly valued in her family. |
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|
Term
| Q: how does the article define phobias in relation to fear? |
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Definition
| A: The article defines phobia as an excessive, involuntary, and rationally unfounded fear, which provokes maladaptive avoidance of a specific object or situation. The sufferer typically has insight into the irrationality of the fear given the objective danger involved but nonetheless is unable to voluntarily control the fear and its consequences. Fear on the other hand, is a normal emotion anchored in mammalian defense systems. It denotes an activated, aversive emotional state that serves to motivate attempts to cope with events that provide threats to the survival or well-being of the organism. The coping attempts are typically centered on defensive behaviors such as immobility (freezing), escape, or attack. Such defense behavior has an evolutionary origin and typically is structured according to the closeness of the threat (Ohman, 2009). |
|
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Term
| Q: According to the article, what alternative models might explain the phenomena of childhood behavioral and emotional disturbances unconstrained by current nosological systems? |
|
Definition
| A: Evolutionary biology is an alternative model that might explain the phenomena of childhood behavioral and emotional disturbances unconstrained by current nosological systems. Additionally, Evolutionary biology provides a framework that organizes data from the behavioral and cognitive sciences and parallels similar efforts in other areas of medicine and biology |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the article, what did the review of 16 cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy revealed? |
|
Definition
| A: The review of 16 cases of pediatric cardiomyopathy found abnormally low median 25(OH)D concentration of 18.5nmol/l (normal > 35 nmol/l) and a raised parathyroid hormone concentrations (marker of vitamin D deficiency). |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the differences between American life goals and the Asians’ life goals? |
|
Definition
| A: Americans are likely to stress personal happiness and self-actualization and thus will tend to be motivated mainly by personal achievement, however, the Asians tend to stress on group achievements. |
|
|
Term
| Q: describe one of the hypotheses that were used to demonstrate the biological importance of risk variants detected in GWAS. |
|
Definition
| A: One hypothesis is that a risk variant is not itself a critical functional variant, but is in linkage disequilibrium, in a subset of cases, with a rarer mutation of clear functional effect. The principle is that linkage disequilibrium (or LD) of risk variants with rare mutations of functional effect leads to statistical associations in genome-wide association studies |
|
|
Term
| Q: what is the third critical component of the infrastructure of racialization that may significantly affect directions in pharmacogenomics? |
|
Definition
| A: The third critical component of the infrastructure of racialization that may significantly affect directions in pharmacogenomics is the increasing demands of the marketplace. Most success of the pharmaceutical industry is the result of a focus on common disorders such as heart disease, depression, and diabetes and the creation of “blockbuster drugs” that are intended for the general population. |
|
|
Term
| Q. Name two of the three hypotheses that are seen as possible reasons for the MHC. |
|
Definition
1. Theory of increased heterozgygosity in offspring to increase resistance to infectious disease
2. Theory of “a ‘moving target’ against rapidly evolving parasites that adapt to their hosts MHC genotypes
3. Theory that mate preferences may function to avoid inbreeding |
|
|
Term
| Q. Pick one. Women who used oral contraceptives during partner choice were more satisfied with (sexual / non- sexual) aspects of their relationship. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Y/ N: Does feeding an infant with a bottle in comparison to breastfeeding play a role on a mother’s postpartum psychology? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: Increased levels of Osteoporosis are not a result of menopause in women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the two hypothesizes that are linked to the causation of insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| A; ‘thrifty gene’ and ‘thrifty phenotype’ |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is “Lark”? An “Owl”? |
|
Definition
| A: Lark – Morning Person Owl – Evening Person |
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: Can the ownership of a dog within a family play a role on asthma within children of a family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: 5 to 10% of patients with Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease are misdiagnosed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Q. Which is a contributing factor to osteoporosis?
A. Substitution of breast milk with other products
B. Less strenuous physical activity in everyday lives
C. Longer life expectancies
D. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: The larger the rodent density, the less prevalent zoonotic disease in a given area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Vegetarians are found to have (more/less) resistance fecal flora than opposing meat eaters? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What does HIV stand for? |
|
Definition
| Human immunodeficiency virus |
|
|
Term
Q: Which one of the following is not part of the classical triad of symptoms that compose ADHD.
a. inattention b. hyperactivity c. accelerated auditory d. impulsivity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q; The fear circuit of the mammalian brain relies heavily on limbic structure such as the (amygdala/ hypothalamus), a collection of neural nuclei in the anterior temporal lobe. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Q: Which one of the following is not a set of ancient human remains?
a. “Turkana boy” b. “Indonesia man” c. “Lucy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: In Asian cultures, they may bring a physician a letter of introduction, try to introduce familiarity and strive to establish a friendly relationship and look for signs of reciprocity on the part of the physician |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the evolutionary prediction surrounding the effects of oral contraception and family cohesiveness supported by an article read in class? |
|
Definition
| : That women who chose mates while using oral contraception were more pleased with the men’s parental commitment. |
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|
Term
| According to research read in class, is MHC-dependent mate choice universal among mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 symptoms of insomnia? |
|
Definition
difficulty maintaining sleep (DSM)
difficulty initiating sleep (DIS)
early morning awakening (EMA) |
|
|
Term
| hat specifically about human ancestors did the article we read posit may shed light on the prevalence of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia, and the metabolic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| A; The diet of our ancestors were high in protein and low in carbs for most of our evolutionary past. |
|
|
Term
| Q:What type of disease is Parkinson’s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which hypothesis describes the immunological underpinning of asthma from an evolutionary perspective of health and disease?Th1-Th2 Hypothesis
Hygeine Hypothesis
Artificial Habitat Hypothesis
Hyper-responsive Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Artificial Habitat Hypothesis <<< this one |
|
|
Term
| Q: What did Pirages attribute new threats of disease to humanity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What did Leonard and Robertson argue may likely account for human diet quality so peculiar of primates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both HIV lentiviruses are result of what origination? (mode of transmission and from what) |
|
Definition
| Multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates |
|
|
Term
| How does a non-pathogenic bacteria that is resistant to antibacterial pose concern for future public health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the many evolutionary hypotheses discussed by Kardum to explain eating disorders, what did they all share as common cause? |
|
Definition
| A: They all suggested that eating disorders are responses triggered by threat. |
|
|
Term
Q: Which is NOT evidence supporting the similarity of schizophrenia and shamanism:
-religious experiences or delusions
-prevalence rate of 1% schizophrenia in relation to tribe size
-age of onset
- the prominence of visions over auditory hallucinations |
|
Definition
| - the prominence of visions over auditory hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Alarm calling, avoidance, mobbing, and sweaty palms were described in the readings as showing automatic and selective response to fears rooted in mammalian evolution alongside dangerous reptiles? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Which of these is NOT a symptom of ADHD described as hypothesized at maintained by the selective forces of evolution to be “response-ready”?
Attention Motor-activity Impulsivity Contemplation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why did Hill and Nilchaikovit argue it is crucial to include family to treat patients in Asia? |
|
Definition
| A; Because familial obligation serves to support compliance to the therapeutic treatment |
|
|
Term
| Is skin darkness strictly reflective of proximity to the equator? If not, provide a hypothesized factor mentioned in the readings. |
|
Definition
| A; No, (temperature or food) |
|
|
Term
| The research of surnames in relation to cancer genes revealed evidence of oncogenes. Does the word “oncogenes” refer to tumor-promoting OR tumor-suppressing genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Pharmocogenomic research has shown that most non-infectious diseases are multifactorial. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Why might sleep disorders, like insomnia, during lactation be a beneficial adaptation? |
|
Definition
| A: If a mother does not sleep solidly through the night and is easily wakened, she can be more wary of her newborn and wake up more often for feedings and other needs the baby may have. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How are women who survive into very old age in the US today, different from those of societies in the distant past, or present hunter-gatherer societies? |
|
Definition
| A: The women who survive into old age in the US today are not representative of fitness selection. In hunter-gatherer societies, women who derived into old age did so because they were the biologically fittest. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What were reasons for the absence or early cessation of breastfeeding prior to the advent of bottle-feeding and how might this relate to postpartum depression? |
|
Definition
| A: Prior to bottle-feeding, absence or early cessation of breastfeeding would only occur upon miscarriage, loss, or death of a child. These events induced great depression in the mothers. Bottle feeding may simulate child loss and result in depression |
|
|
Term
| Q: What role does the industrial revolution play in the “carnivore connection” hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| A: It changed the quality of carbohydrates with the milling of cereal which made starch more digestible, but therefore increased its glycaemic index. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How does prevalence of insomnia change between age groups and gender groups? |
|
Definition
| A: Prevalence of insomnia symptoms increases with age, and insomnia tends to be more prevalent in women than men. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the two main treatments for PD symptoms? |
|
Definition
| A: Patients are treated with levodopa and/or dopamine (DA) agonists. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What might be a reason for the prevalence of asthma in in inner-city children? |
|
Definition
| A: The urban environment and dangerous inner-city neighborhoods may limit outdoor and physical activity time, which can result in a higher chance of getting asthma. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are two evolutionary “trade-offs” of bipedalism? |
|
Definition
| A: The need for midwives and gracile bones more prone to osteoporosis. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why have bats come out of the forest? |
|
Definition
| A: Deforestation, habitat destruction and fragmentation have driven bats out of their original homes and into urban and perurban areas. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the correlation between diet quality and body size in most non-human primates? How do humans depart from this pattern? |
|
Definition
| A: There is a negative relationship between body size and diet quality in most non-human primates. Larger primates tend to have lower diet quality, and smaller primates tend to have higher diet quality. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the authors, what are the three main disease outbreaks that could be seen as the greatest harbingers of future consequences? |
|
Definition
| A: HIV/AIDS, SARS, and avian flu are the three recent major outbreaks. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the correlation between diet quality and body size in most non-human primates? How do humans depart from this pattern? |
|
Definition
| A: There is a negative relationship between body size and diet quality in most non-human primates. Larger primates tend to have lower diet quality, and smaller primates tend to have higher diet quality. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the authors, what are the three main disease outbreaks that could be seen as the greatest harbingers of future consequences? |
|
Definition
| A: HIV/AIDS, SARS, and avian flu are the three recent major outbreaks. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is “selection density?” |
|
Definition
| A: The amount of antibiotic per individual per geographic area. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the general “rule” for SIV virus evolution? Has this “rule” been broken? |
|
Definition
| A: Generally, the rule is that SIV evolution is host-specific, but there are examples of simian-to-simian cross-species transmission. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How might shamans and the development of engagement in religious ceremonies been beneficial in our evolutionary history |
|
Definition
| A: It may have been evolutionarily adaptive as a predisposition toward religious thinking could have reinforced group participation. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the reproductive suppression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| A: It theorizes that it would have been beneficial for women to postpone reproduction when conditions were poor until there were better conditions for childbearing. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How did agriculture possibly lead to changes in skin color? |
|
Definition
| A: agriculture was an insufficient source of vitamin D resulting in lighter skin. Cold climates and high altitudes would also speed up the need for lighter skin |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are some of the differences in views of death and illness between Asian and American cultures according to the authors? |
|
Definition
| A: Americans believe your life is yours, and illness disrupts normal life, Illness is viewed as a personal failure and something to be beaten. Asian cultures view life as not just being your own, and disease as part of a normal life cycle that is something to be accepted and dealt with calmly. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are some somewhat common conditions are caused by rare mutations? |
|
Definition
| A: Breast cancer, hearing loss, lipid metabolism, autism, |
|
|
Term
| Q: What does pharmacogenomics deal with that pharmacogenetics does not? |
|
Definition
| A: whereas pharmacogenetics looked at single gene mutations, pharmacogenetics looks at multiple genes and gene patterns and deals with drug-induced alterations of gene function |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Wedekind and Penn, what will protect against rapidly evolving parasites? |
|
Definition
| A: MCH-dependent mate preference |
|
|
Term
| Q: During what was phase were men the most sexually attracted to women (non-contraceptive users)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the physiological process that occurs when the breast changes from a milk-producing organ back to one that is mostly inactive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Pollycove, Naftolin, and Simon (2011), why did hunter-gatherer women not experience severe menopause symptoms, which some American women experience? |
|
Definition
| A: because they lived very active lifestyles opposed to the sedentary lifestyles that some Americans live |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the two most common research method for assessing insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| A: euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp and instravous glucose tolerance test inactive? |
|
|
Term
| Q: How many adult Taiwanese experience regular insomnia? |
|
Definition
| A: over 25 percent / over one-quarter |
|
|
Term
| What genes are suggested to be possible regulators of bone mass, calcium and collagen metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q; What is disease ecology concerned with? |
|
Definition
| A: the study of the interactions between hosts and pathogens at a range of levels |
|
|
Term
| What are primordial ties? |
|
Definition
| A: They are relationships of biologically and socioculturally similar extended families, clans, or tribes that have been fundamental sources of identity, loyalty, and governance for thousands of years |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the results of the study, what appears to have shaped human dietary needs? |
|
Definition
| A: the metabolic demands of our large brains |
|
|
Term
| Q: How can we define selection density? |
|
Definition
| A: It is the amount of antibiotic per individual per geographic area. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are two distinct types of human AIDS viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Agras, Sylvester, and Oliveau’s study, is the intense fear of snakes more prevalent in males or females? |
|
Definition
| A: females (38 percent of females; 12 percent of males). |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the three main symptoms of ADHD? |
|
Definition
| A: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: It is a paradox that dark skin absorbs less solar radiation and gets warmer than light skin does. |
|
Definition
| A: False (dark skin absorbs MORE solar radiation) |
|
|
Term
| Q: Which culture believes that “one’s life is determined by various factors out of one’s control?” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Adverse drug reactions is ranked ___ for the leading causes of death in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: T/F: One disadvantage of the study’s mortality is that the cancers are coded by histologic type rather than anatomic site? |
|
Definition
| A: False (coded by anatomic site rather than histologic type) |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is one of the triggers for MER (milk ejection reflex)? |
|
Definition
A: Physical stimulation (suckling), eventually smelling/hearing/thinking of
the crying baby may trigger lactation |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are general hormonal changes in menopausal women and when else are they similarly seen in a female's life? |
|
Definition
| A: Drops in estrogen; also seen during lactation |
|
|
Term
| Q: What specific antibodies, in lower levels, appear to increase aeroallergen sensitivity (three letters)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Two European countries were first affected by, and have the highest prevalence of G1029S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is more important to developing the strength and responsiveness of bones: E2 or E2 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one factor that may account for increased human-bat exchanges (direct or indirect)? |
|
Definition
A: Farming, contact through spillover hosts, deforestation, human’s new geographic
mobility (planes, etc…) |
|
|
Term
| Q: Considering the caloric focus of our diets, does the Homo sapiens resting metabolic rate classify them as strongly hyper-metabolic primates? |
|
Definition
| A: No, our RMR is very close to its expected value--excess calories used on brain |
|
|
Term
| Q: Based on the distribution of osllleltamivir-resistant strains of flu, does this suggest that the flu virus disseminates globally or locally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What 20th century human activity is associated with the increased exposure to SIVs? |
|
Definition
| A: Bush-meat harvesting: hunting/butchering/etc… |
|
|
Term
| Q: Are vegetarians more or less likely to carry drug resistant strains of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| A: More, uncooked foods carried resistant bacteria or carries residual antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to the authors of “How Shamanism and Group Selection May Reveal the Origins of Schizophrenia,” what is the possible role of a Schizophrenic in non-Westernized societies? |
|
Definition
| A: As a shaman, spiritual figure |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is at least one activity that is mentioned in the concept adapted to flee from famine? |
|
Definition
| A: Heightened activity, refusal of food, denial of starvation |
|
|
Term
| Q: In this article’s reframing of ADHD in its evolutionary context, ADHD children are also referred to as “________-ready” |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: True or False: Studies referenced in the article indicate irrational phobias are NOT at all influenced by genetics |
|
Definition
A: False! The referenced studies indicate irrational phobias often have moderate
contributions from one’s genes |
|
|
Term
| Q: The authors suggest that the strong presence of fish (like salmon and trout) in Northern diets might have helped supplement which vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: True or False: The authors find the nature of doctor-patient relationships in American settings to be hierarchical, and those in Asian settings to be Egalitarian. |
|
Definition
| A:False; American is egalitarian, Asian is hierarchical |
|
|
Term
Q: What kind of drug was administered to soldiers that caused adverse reactions of those with African ancestry?
a. Antimalarial
b. Antihistamine
c. Anticoagulant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Q: The evidence from this study suggested that tumor-promoting genes were
a. Dominant
b. Recessive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What functional hypothesis of MHC dependent mate preference (presented by Wedekind and Penn) does not involve resistance to parasites or disease? |
|
Definition
| A: The inbreeding avoidance hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Explain the relationship between oral contraceptives and MHC dependent mate preference, and give an example of an experiment / study that supports this. |
|
Definition
| A: Women who use oral contraceptives (at time of mate choice) are more likely to choose MHC similar mates, while women who do not use oral contraceptives tend to choose MHC dissimilar mates. An experiment which provided evidence to support this theory was the T-shirt test. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How can vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes be beneficial to breast feeding offspring? |
|
Definition
| A: Heat from the mother is transferred to the child during close contact. Helps keep the child warm and able to expend more energy on development instead of producing body heat through metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is BMD? How is it effected during lactation and menopause? |
|
Definition
| BMD = Bone Mineral Density. BMD can decrease during lactation, but usually returns to normal after weaning. BMD decreases in the postmenopausal phase, and does not have a regeneration phase. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is “mother directed” breastfeeding? Is mother directed breastfeeding universal among humans? Explain and give an example. |
|
Definition
| A Mother directed breastfeeding is where the mother decides when to feed her offspring, for how long, etc. It is not universal among humans. Foragers in Central Africa (the Aka) allow the child to choose when to feed and the duration of feeding. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the 3 influences on overall structural patterns of breastfeeding? |
|
Definition
| A: Subsistence type, age of offspring, and mother's work level. |
|
|
Term
| Q:True or False: Rural populations are more susceptible to asthma and allergy than urban populations. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What factors in the modern world lead to the onset of asthma (name at least 4)? |
|
Definition
| A: Artificial environment, low activity levels, obesity, exposure to pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A:-slowness and decreased amplitude of movement |
|
|
Term
| Q: How is IPD is characterized pathologically? |
|
Definition
| A: IPD is characterized pathologically by the loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why is osteoporosis seen more among modern populations than past populations? |
|
Definition
| A: There is a mismatch between our “stone-age” genes and modern day lifestyles. People had to be more active in the past to acquire resources. Due to today's technology, we don't have to be as active to gain access to resources. Also, osteoporosis is an age-related disease, and people from past populations usually did not live to post-reproductive age. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How has cultural adaptations, such as the development of agriculture and domesticated animals increase viral spread by Chiroptera? |
|
Definition
| A: Bats are losing their habitat and now must share space with people and their animals, which act as spillover hosts. Agriculture, like fruit trees, can also attract bats into human habitats. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Which types of food are hypothesized to increase amounts of antibiotic resistant fecal flora? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is pathogenesis, and how can SIV, HIV, and AIDS give us insight into its mechanisms? |
|
Definition
| A: Pathogenesis is the origin and development of disease. SIV, HIV, and AIDS have been transmitted across species. The time at which the cross-species transmissions took place can inform us about the origin of the disease, as well as how it has changed through time. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What hypothesis do you think best explains the range of variation in human skin color? Why? |
|
Definition
| A: (In my opinion) I think that there are several factors that affect phenotypic traits such as skin color. Protection from skin cancer in area that have greater UV radiation, and photosynthesis of vitamin D in areas that have less UV exposure seem to make the most sense from an evolutionary perspective. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How can one's culture affect their view of, and behavior relating to, illness and death? How can health care professionals address these cultural differences? |
|
Definition
| A: Differences in culture can affect many aspects of one's life. Their relationships and how they communicate can be very different from what we see as “normal.” Understanding the cultural background of a patient may improve the level of care and understanding the patient receives, and also prevent misdiagnosis. |
|
|
Term
| Q: If you are a doctor who has a patient that recently gave birth and she is suffering from withdrawal and sadness, what is a question you are most likely to ask in order to diagnose the cause of the symptoms? |
|
Definition
| A: Are you breast feeding or bottle feeding? |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the epiphenomena hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| A: It is the process that favors us being overly reproductive early on in our lives, with sacrifice to reproductive capabilities in our later years. |
|
|
Term
| Name the hypothesis that says women may have anorexia because it allows them to time reproduction better? |
|
Definition
| A: Reproductive Suppression Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the same underlying traits of both Shamanism and Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| A: Psychosis, hallucinations, receiving signs from otherworldly sources. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the favored hypothesis regarding skin lightening over our evolution? |
|
Definition
| A: The Vitamin D hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Is it ok to bring gifts to your doctor in Asian culture? |
|
Definition
| A: Yes, because it is seen as a way to become more friendly and build a rapport with your physician who should be venerated for their knowledge. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Is a single gene mutation more treatable with pharmacogenomics? |
|
Definition
| A: Yes, because it is more targetable than a multi-gene disorder. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Name a cancer that is commonly associated with surnames and frequency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What neurons are degenerating in a patient with Parkinsons? |
|
Definition
| A: Dopamine in the substantia nigra pathways. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Are people in farming communities or cities more likely to be resistant to asthma or have less prevalence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is an important factor in the prevalence of livestock and human deaths due to zoonotic diseases recently? |
|
Definition
| Destruction of the animals native environment |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the Grandmother Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| A: The hypothesis that women survive long past reproductive years because it allows for them to help take care of their grandchildren, contributing to a better likelihood of the child’s survival. |
|
|
Term
| Q: what is the main difference in mate choice preferences between women using OC and non-users and how does it affect their relationship? |
|
Definition
| A: Women who use oral contraceptive prefer males who are less physically attractive compared to those preferred by normal cycling women. As a result, OC users are more likely to become less attracted to their male partners once they’re off the pills, but their relationship tend to be more stable because there are fewer instances of infidelity from their partners. |
|
|
Term
| Q: what is one of the factors that can bias rater’s preference for mate choice? |
|
Definition
| A: Their preference for whether it is long-term or short-term relationship. For example, women find men more attractive based on masculine traits for short-term relationship, and the preference changes if it’s in a long-term context. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Name one of the physiological conditions affecting women during lactating period and post-menopause? |
|
Definition
| A: The increase in bone resorption and decrease in calcium level. In lactating women, bone resorption is needed to supplement nutrient to infants. In menopausal women, bone resorption is due to the decrease in the sex hormone estrogen. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is one of the adaptive mechanisms proposed to prevent bottle feeding? |
|
Definition
| A: Punish instances of inappropriate parenting or neglect. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is one of the main differences between the hygiene and artificial habitat hypotheses? |
|
Definition
| A: The hygiene hypothesis focuses on the body’s losing ability to respond to different types of infection due to the advent in medicine and hygienic care. The artificial hypothesis proposes an alternate explanation that comes from our sedentary modern lifestyle and the rapidly changing environment that results in the maladaptation of asthma as a consequence. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the explanation for the origin of G2019S frequency in some of the European population? |
|
Definition
| A: Because the G2019S mutation is originated from the North African Arabs, it is suggested that the invasion of the Arab-Berber army in the 8th century to the Iberian Peninsula might have spread the gene to some of the Southern European countries. |
|
|
Term
| Q: name one of the reasons why rodent density is not related to incidence of infection transmission to humans? |
|
Definition
| A: The incidence of disease transmission is proportional to the reservoir population that is infected and not necessarily the population density. In other word, transmission is frequency-dependent rather than population density. |
|
|
Term
| Q: what is one of the evolutionary explanations for the presence of osteoporosis in the past? |
|
Definition
| A: Adaptation to bipedalism allowed our ancestors to have good motor skill in the upper limb and advanced brain development. As a consequence, osteoporosis is the cost of having gracile and slender bone. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the four distinctive characteristics of human life history? |
|
Definition
| A: Long period of juvenile dependence, long lifespan, post-reproductive life, and male support of reproduction through provisioning of females and offspring. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the new understand of epidemic virus dynamic relevant to the widespread of influenza globally? |
|
Definition
| A: Epidemic virus does not stay in one local region but circulate globally. This understanding helps explain why the use of antiviral drug does not lead to the widespread of global resistance but the virus strain itself evolves over time as they spread to outcompete other strains. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the most important restriction factor that HIV must overcome in order to adapt to its host? |
|
Definition
| A: In order to infect the host, HIV must counteract Tetherin, the protein that inhibits the release of virions from the infected cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A:Triclosan is an antimicrobial that is present in the majority of consumer liquid hand soap with antibacterial content. It inhibits bacteria growth at low concentration and can kill them at higher concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are some characteristic of schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| A: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized, catatonic behaviors, and negative symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the reproductive suppression hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| A: Females suppress their present reproductive potential for better future condition that can provide better environment for offspring survival and can offset the costs of suppression itself. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why did we develop this fear module toward snakes? |
|
Definition
| A: This specialized behavior developed from our ancestor as a survival mechanism to avoid reptiles, and snake serves as the prototypical stimulus that activates this fear. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are three symptoms of ADHD mentioned in the article and what advantage they provided for early hunter-gatherer environment? |
|
Definition
| A: Hyperactivity, shifting attention, and impulsivity allow animals to be on an active lookout, enhance vigilance, and allow for faster reaction time in response to external stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the common disease-common variant model? |
|
Definition
| A: No single common variant is sufficient enough to cause human illnesses. Common human diseases are caused from the additive or multiplicative effects of combinations of common variants of gene. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How does the field of pharmacogenomics differ from pharmacogenetics? |
|
Definition
| A:Pharmacogenomics study the effect of gene pattern and expression of the whole genome set instead of studying a single gene mutation on drugs. Pharmacogenomics also consider the entire genetic profile including age, sex, ethnicity, and environmental factors for patient treatments. |
|
|
Term
Q: ADHD is characterized by impairment in which of the following [select best answer]:
A: Working memory, alertness, response inhibition.
B: Attention, eyesight, speech
C: Eyesight, cytonine production in brain, facial recognition
D. Alertness, facial recognition, involuntary spasms. |
|
Definition
| Answer: A. Working memory, alertness, response inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is “migratory restlessness,” and how does it relate to evolutionary perspectives for anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
| A: Migratory restlessness is an increase in activity in times of food shortage. Anorectics display elevated hyperactivity and restlessness, which may have important for facilitating group dispersal to new grounds. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Americans are generally seen as more individualistic, and their relationship with doctors is characterized by a hierarchical and emotional connection. True or false? |
|
Definition
| A: False. While Americans are generally seen as individualistic, their relationship with physicians is seen as egalitarian, where the physician is there to provide counsel. This relationship is seen as being professional, and there are not significant emotional overtures. |
|
|
Term
| Öthman (2009) suggested that the best way for individuals to cope with phobias is to avoid the objects provoking the fearful response. True or false? What does Öthman suggest as therapy? |
|
Definition
| A: False. Öthman states that studies have shown that exposing oneself to the objects of fear can often help to control, and possibly subside, the phobia. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Polimeni and Reiss (2002), schizophrenics jeopardized early religious and group cohesion due to erratic tendencies. True or False? |
|
Definition
| A: False. Polimeni and Reiss hypothesized that schizophrenics were integrated into cohesive spiritual systems within groups. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Studies in mice showed that low levels of vitamin D resulted in high sperm counts and robust sperm motility. True or false? |
|
Definition
| A: False. Low vitamin D in male mice resulted in low sperm counts and decreased sperm motility. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Ostfeld and Holt [2004], do predators have a universal regulatory effect on prey populations, thus significantly contributing to lowering the risk of zoonotic disease across the world? |
|
Definition
| A: No, not necessarily. While there may be certain regions where this is true, the article states that more integrative research is needed to conclusively state whether predators significantly regulate prey populations. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Kao et al (2008), what were common attributes of insomniacs? |
|
Definition
| A: Insomniacs had significantly higher sleepiness scores, resulting in traits such as daytime fatigue. Insomniacs also had relatively poor psychological well-being compared to non-insomniacs. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What was one hypothesis of adaptation that Agarwal et al (2002) provided to explain osteoporosis in modern populations? |
|
Definition
| A: Migrating from equatorial climate / Switching subsistence and dietary pattern / Decreases in physical activity / The overall increases in life expectancy. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Menopausal symptoms, such as low bone density and cardiovascular disease, are observed to be more severe in women in physically active hunter-gatherer societies with less immediate access to food. True or False? |
|
Definition
| A: False. According to Pollycove et al (2011), women in sedentary societies are more likely to experience menopausal symptoms and diseases than women in hunter-gatherer societies. |
|
|
Term
Q: Which two species of primates are thought to have contributed to the emergence of HIV-1 in humans?
A. Lemurs and Western Gorillas
B. Sooty mangabeys and Mandrills
C. Chimpanzees and Western Gorillas
D. Sooty mangabeys and Vervet Monkeys |
|
Definition
| Answer: C. Chimpanzees (SIVcpz) and Western gorillas (SIVgor). |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Leonard and Robertson [1994], which genus provides the earliest evidence for a major dietary shift in hominid evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Why do Weinstock and Zuccotti [2009] believe that epidemic viruses are not simply isolated and do not only evolve locally? |
|
Definition
| A: The evolution of influenza strains at distant locations around the world is very homogenous, which indicates that they circulate globally. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Stöger, how does the concept of canalization work, generally speaking? |
|
Definition
| A: Without external environmental input, the optimal genotype sits at the bottom of the canal. With epigenetic modifications during early postnatal life, the genotype of the trait is pushed toward one of the extremes. In adulthood, the genotype and the epigenotype are established; if the conditions are different from those during development, disease is more likely. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Concentrations of triclosan higher than .10% repeatedly showed a dramatic improvement in reducing bacterial counts. True or False? |
|
Definition
| A: False. Triclosan in concentrations higher than .10% wt/vl was not shown to be any more effective at reducing the number of bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why did Gallup et al (2010) believe that bottle feeding mothers would be more likely to be depressed postpartum? |
|
Definition
| : Gallup et al hypothesized that the lack of lactation, and the hormones responsible for it, mimicked the feeling of depression following the death of a child. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why do women taking oral contraceptives appear to select for male traits that signify high paternal investment, rather than traits that signify masculinity? |
|
Definition
| A: Oral contraceptives suppress periovulatory increases, which increase preference for masculine traits. |
|
|
Term
| According to Roberts and Havlicek, data indicated that individuals across studies were attracted to faces from MHC dissimilar individuals. True or False? |
|
Definition
| A: False. The studies reported that facial preferences tended to be assortative in regards to MHC. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What impact can the widespread use of OC have on human male-female relationships? |
|
Definition
| A: Relationship dissatisfaction in females, including sexual and partner attractiveness, and female initiation of separation more likely (if separation occurs). |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why might dissimilar MHC in vertebrates be more attractive to partners than similar MHC? |
|
Definition
| A: MHC plays a fundamental role in immune processes. Selection of MHC-dissimilar partners increases offspring heterozygosity at the MHC. Studies indicate that MHC-heterozygosity is associated with advantage under immune challenge, such disassortive preference can potentially increase pathogen resistance. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How has human diet (mainly carbohydrate intake) changed throughout history and prehistory to promote the development of insulin resistance |
|
Definition
| A: Our African primate ancestors developed on a high-carbohydrate diet, due to glucose requirements of brain expansion with the advent of the Ice Ages, a shift to low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet occurred. When agriculture spread across human populations carbohydrate consumption increased. A change in the quality of carbohydrate then occurred during the industrial revolution. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Under normal working day conditions, what can morningness and eveningness related particularities of sleep be measured by? |
|
Definition
| A: Circadian and homeostatic processes |
|
|
Term
| Q: Haplotypes associated with the G2019S Parkinsons disease related mutation are shorted in Moroccan Berbers, than other North African and European populations’...what is the significance of this statement in the study of the origins in Parkinsons? |
|
Definition
| A: Length of the haplotype and the carrier frequency of the genetic markers that it contains can indicate the age and origin of the associated mutation.Therefore, as the haplotype is shorter in Moroccan Berbers it can be suggested that Moroccan Berbers are the earliest G2019S carriers. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the hygiene hypothesis that attempts to explain the prevalence of Asthma? |
|
Definition
| A: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that the recent rise in allergic disease among children in affluent societies is due to the preferential programming of the T-cell repertoire towards pro-allergy Th2 response, brought by the decline in infections due to increased hygiene, immunisation, decreased sibship size and antibiotic use. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are zoonotic diseases? Give an example. |
|
Definition
| A: Infectious diseases that are transmitted between species, from non-human animals to humans, or humans to non-human animals. A common example of this is HIV, which is believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are the skeletal structural changes that characterise osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| A: Failure to acquire optimal peak bone mass during growth and/or to maintain bone mass in later years. |
|
|
Term
| Q: How do human diets differ from other extant primates? |
|
Definition
| Humans have a much higher quality of diet than expected for their size and resting metabolic needs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the best protection the human race seems to have against the unpredictable changes that occur all too frequently in the influenza virus? |
|
Definition
| vaccination, social distancing, hand washing and common sense. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is a common phenoxyphenol antimicrobial frequently marked as an ‘antibacterial’ ingredient in consumer hygiene products? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: How is it believed transmission occurred of SIV from apes to humans? |
|
Definition
| A: Through cutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to infected ape blood and/or body fluids. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the manual called which classifies disorders such as phobias? |
|
Definition
| : American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is ADHD and how is it classified? |
|
Definition
| : Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why do Aboriginal Australians suffer from significantly higher rates of mortality? |
|
Definition
| A: Aborigines have there own system of illness treatment, which they believe to be related to sorcery. This prevents Aborigines from seeking biomedical treatment even when their cultures own remedies are insufficient. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What disease does vitamin D help prevent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: Who was the first person to connect surnames and population genetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Q: What is an issue with pharmacogenomics and personalised medicine? |
|
Definition
| A: Time-dependent changes of gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Q: What are some modern cultural practices that might influence the otherwise “natural” relationship between MHC and mate choice? |
|
Definition
| A: perfume, hormonal contraceptives, cosmetics |
|
|
Term
| Q: Do humans exhibit concealed or unconcealed ovulation? What is one example of this and what are its reproductive advantages. |
|
Definition
| A: Human females do exhibit unconcealed ovulation. One way they do this is through odor that is more potent to both males and females during the ovulatory phase. This has a reproductive advantage because it allows partners to reproduce during females’ most fertile phase. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Briefly describe two explanations for why humans experience menopause. |
|
Definition
| A: One explanation is the adaptation explanation which seeks to demonstrate that the fitness benefits associated with reproductive cessation (i.e. increased maternal investment) outweighs the fitness costs of prolonged fertility. Another explanation would be the physiological trade-off explanation which says that selection for efficient, early fertility provides greater lifetime reproductive success even though it results in decreased fertility and eventual sterility in later life. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Briefly explain how bottle-feeding instead of breastfeeding and certain hospital procedures can lead to postpartum depression. |
|
Definition
| A: Bottle feeding as opposed to breast feeding mimics miscarriage, loss, or death of a child in our ancestors and other primates since women do not carry out the normal hormonal changes involved in lactation which can then lead to postpartum depression. Modern hospital procedures such as separating mother and child initially can also mimic miscarriage or loss of a child, which can also serve to trigger postpartum depression. |
|
|
Term
| Q: What is the “carnivore connection” in the discussion of the evolution of insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
| A: The “carnivore connection” refers to the notion that insulin resistance was an evolutionary response to the carnivorous diet of our ancestors because it provided survival and reproductive advantages. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Why would prevalence of insomnia in the adult Taiwanese population be higher than that of South Korea and Japan, but be lower than that reported by European national surveys? Briefly provide one explanation. |
|
Definition
| A: One possible reason for these differences could be explained by an increasing Westernization of lifestyle in Taiwan. |
|
|
Term
| Q: According to Dieterlen and Lucotte’s Berberian origin of the G2019S mutation, what are the frequencies you should expect when looking at the G2019S mutation in European countries? |
|
Definition
| A: According to their findings, you should expect a gradient of decreasing G2019S frequencies from Iberia to peripheral European countries. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Briefly describe the ‘artificial habitat’ hypothesis. |
|
Definition
| A: Proposed by Wasim Maziak, this hypothesis attributes the asthma epidemic to artificial habitats; whereby, certain modernizations and industrializations such as sedentary lifestyles, manufactured food, indoor entertainment, cars, medical care, better hygiene have deprived our respiratory system from many stimuli necessary for the development of normal airway resistance as experienced by our ancestors. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Name the four potential adaptations in human evolution that have resulted in osteoporosis. |
|
Definition
| A: 1) expansion from tropics to more diverse environments, 2) transition from a hunting-gathering lifestyle to food production, 3) change from physically active lifestyle to sedentism and 4) an increase in life expectancy |
|
|
Term
| Q: Name and elaborate one human activity that has contributed to the prevalence of chiropteran related viruses among humans and domestic animals. |
|
Definition
| A: Deforestation and fragmentation, which results in habitat destruction and disturbance among bats, has been a leading cause in the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases among humans, which would have otherwise been limited to the natural habitats of bats. |
|
|
Term
| Q: Briefly summarize two hypotheses that have been proposed concerning the divergence in human diet relative to other primates. |
|
Definition
| A: 1) The high caloric density of our diet reflects our elevated resting metabolic requirements 2) The high metabolic costs of our large brain necessitates an energy-rich diet |
|
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Term
Q: Which of the following have been major infectious disease outbreaks in the past that have had extremely damaging effects on human lives and economies?
A) HIV/AIDS B) Malaria C) West Nile D) SARS E) H5N1 F) All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Q: The phenoxyphenol antimicrobial triclosan found in consumer antibacterial soaps is more effective than plain hand soap in preventing infectious illness symptoms and reducing bacterial levels on the hands. True or False? |
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Definition
| A: False, plain hand soap is just as effective as “antibacterial” hand soap |
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Term
| Q: What are the names of two non-human primates that have been pin-pointed as being the sources of HIV-1 and HIV-2? |
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Definition
| A: Sooty mangabeys and chimpanzees |
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Term
Q: Which of the following hypotheses are evolutionary explanations of eating disorders (obesity/anorexia nervosa/bulimia nervosa)?
A) Reproductive suppression B) Allomothering C) Kin selection theory D) Inter-sexual competition |
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Definition
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Term
| Q: Briefly explain the ‘schizophrenia paradox’ and explain one possible solution. |
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Definition
| A: The schizophrenia paradox refers to the fact that schizophrenia has been maintained in the gene pool despite its associated low fecundity rate. One reason for why this may be is that it may represent a form of behavioral specialization that may have been evolutionary adaptive in ancient hunter-gatherer societies, but is not so much in modern industrialized societies. |
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Term
| Describe the major histocompatibility complex in relation to mate choice, and give one example of how MHC can be altered. |
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Definition
| MHC is involved with the immune system, and high variability in gene alleles is believed to be associated with mate choice. The higher variability in alleles between two partners is supposed to increase the heterozygosity of offspring, and should allow the offspring a better chance at survival. One example of how MHC can be altered is birth control, and another is culture (wealth being a part of culture). |
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Term
| Using your knowledge of African tribes, how do cultural and biological factors influence breastfeeding? |
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Definition
| Cultural factors influence breastfeeding: mothers can allow the child to wean itself, and the child can decide when to stop (foragers); mothers can wean the child earlier so that she can provision the family/offspring easier (farmers). Biological factors influence breastfeeding: younger children are held more than older children; younger children play less than older children. |
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Term
| Describe the grandmother hypothesis: |
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Definition
| New: Grandmothering is the adaptation facilitating increases in longevity, and menopause is the byproduct. Old: menopause is an adaptation facilitating grandmothering. |
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Term
| List one hypothesis for why there is modern day insulin resistance: |
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Definition
| Answer: Thrifty gene hypothesis, thrifty phenotype hypothesis, and carnivore connection hypotheis. |
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Term
| Describe what insomnia is, and give an example of one type of insomnia. |
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Definition
| Answer: Insomnia is the habitual inability to sleep; types of insomnia: difficulty maintaining sleep (DMA), difficult initiating sleep (DIS), and early morning awakenings (EMA). |
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Term
| What is Parkinson’s disease? |
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Definition
| Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disease of the nervous system associated with tremors and degradation of the brain. |
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Term
| How do helminths and asthma relate to one another? |
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Definition
| Answer: Helminths are one hypothesis for why asthma is common in industrialized societies. People who are genetically most resistant to helminth infection may be the ones who have the most sever allergy, and asthma in helminth absence. |
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Term
| Which hominids probably had the diet most similar to modern humans? |
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Definition
| Answer: Homo habilis or Homo erectus |
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Term
| What is a limiting factor of globalization? |
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Definition
| Answer: Infectious diseases are a limiting factor to the expansion of globalization. |
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Term
| What primate is believed to be the host reservoir of the SIV that mutated into the human immunodeficiency virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product triclosan most often marketed as? |
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Definition
| Answer: an antibacterial soap |
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Term
| Please list one weak theory and one strong theory for why there is schizophrenia |
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Definition
| Answer: Weak- shaman theory, group-splitting theory, and early man’s territorial instincts theory. Strong- Crow’s Theory, Social Skills as Key Quality, and Horrobin’s theory. |
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Term
| What can extreme weight loss behavior lead to in females? |
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Definition
| Answer: Loss of fertility and the suppression of reproduction. |
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Term
| What are two main characteristics of ADHD? |
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Definition
| Answer: Hyperactivity (increased motor activity), Attentional processes (rapidly shifting attention), and impulsivity. |
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Term
| What are the three types of phobias? |
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Definition
| Answer: Specific phobias, Social phobias, and agoraphobia. |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a hypothesis for skin lightening: sexual dimorphisms in skin color, genetic drift, protection against vitamin D overproduction, or need for more efficient vitamin D photosynthesis at high latitudes? |
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Definition
| Answer: protection against vitamin D overproduction |
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Term
| Describe the main difference in how Americans view death in comparison to Asian peoples. |
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Definition
| Answer: Americans view death as something that should try to be conquered, death is a disruption to Americans. Asian peoples view death as natural and imminent or fate. |
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Term
| Why does breastfeeding cause postpartum depression? |
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Definition
| In our evolutionary history if a mother decided not to breastfeed, the child would die. Death of a child is known to cause depression. Nowadays when a mother decides not to breast feed, she is physiologically allowing the child to die, which can trigger a depression response even though the child is alive. |
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Term
| How is menopause adaptive and maladaptive at the same time? |
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Definition
| Menopause is adaptive in that it allows a mother to invest more in her offspring instead of wasting energy on further reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation. However, it’s also maladaptive in that it creates many health issues related to a hypoestrogenic environment, such as osteoporosis from a lowered bone density. |
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Term
| What is genetic canalization and how does it fit into the thrifty epigenotype hypothesis |
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Definition
| It is the reduced sensitivity to allelic variations. With epigenetic modifications, there can be phenotypic adjustments of a trait to shift toward certain conditions within the canal. For example, environmental conditions like famine can shift the trait towards a thrifty epigenotype, which can later lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes |
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Term
| What is the main position artificial habitat holds as the reason behind the recent increase in asthma? |
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Definition
| A change in our lifestyle to include a more artificial habitat, such as manufactured food, heating and air conditioning, cars, and so on, have led us to have a respiratory maladaptation to our modern way of life, leading to more asthma. |
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Term
| According to the G2019S mutation frequency map, who is most likely to be the original carriers and why? |
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Definition
| The Moroccan Berbers, because they expanded into Europe through invasions and attacks on Iberia, which is why we see the highest G2019S mutation frequencies in Iberia, and then, a decrease in peripheral European countries. |
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Term
| What are the four shifts in our adaptation associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis we see today? |
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Definition
| The expansion from the tropics to diverse environments, the transition from hunting and gathering to food production, the change from a physically active lifestyle to a sedentary lifestyle, and an increase in life expectancy. |
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Term
| How do bats play a role in the emergence of new infectious diseases in humans? |
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Definition
| Bats are reservoir hosts to viral infections. They can infect a spillover host, which can then infect a human through interaction. Human activities, like expansion into forests, have led to bats leaving their habitat to spread viruses even more. |
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Term
| According to the article, what are the three different insomnia symptoms and what age and sex is insomnia most prevalent in |
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Definition
| Difficulty initiating sleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and early morning awakening. It is most prevalent in those over 60 years old and in females. |
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Term
| What is the major explanation as to why humans consume a higher quality diet than is expected for our size and metabolic needs? |
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Definition
| We need an energy-rich diet due to the metabolic costs of having larger brains. |
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Term
| What are the three challenges facing increased social complexity and globalization? |
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Definition
| Deadly pandemics, dependency on petroleum and natural gas, and global climate change leading to global warming. |
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Term
| What are two major components related to the issue of drug resistance? |
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Definition
| The antibiotic agent and the resistance gene. |
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Term
| What are the five categories of requirement to support the zoonotic origins of HIV infections? |
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Definition
| 1- Similarities in genome structure, 2 – phylogenetic relatedness, 3 – prevalence in the natural host, 4 – geographic coincidence, 5 – plausible routes of transmission. |
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Term
| Give one piece of evidence for the evolved fear module in regards to the common phobia of snakes. |
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Definition
| Both humans and monkeys show an intense fear towards snakes and they also learn to fear snakes more easily than other stimuli. |
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Term
| What are the three symptoms of ADHD that may be adaptive in certain environments? |
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Definition
| Hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. |
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Term
| What are the four hypotheses for skin lightening in our evolutionary history? |
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Definition
| Sexual selection, adaptation to colder climates, vitamin D hypothesis, and genetic drift. |
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Term
| Name one major difference between Asian and American cultures that affect illness behavior. |
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Definition
| Americans view death as something that can beaten, versus Asians view death as an inevitable thing as a result of bad luck or former deeds. |
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Term
| What is pharmacogenetics? |
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Definition
| It is the study of single genes and the effects on the action of particular drugs. |
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Term
| What are some complex diseases are associated with many rare mutations? |
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Definition
| Cancer, autism, and schizophrenia. |
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Term
| What are two factors for possible maternal investment in humans? |
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Definition
1. Ecological pressures of climate and diet changes.
2. Secondary altricality of
hominid infants from pelvic constraints and cranium enlargement. |
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Term
| Besides bottle feeding, what else can cause the onset of postpartum depression? |
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Definition
| Separation from child and mother in a hospital right after childbirth |
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Term
| What is the article’s suggestion for health care providers’ view of insomnia? |
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Definition
| The authors feel that health care providers should view insomnia more seriously, and view it not only as a symptom, but an actual clinical entity |
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Term
| What were 2 key differences between the diets of those living during the period of the Ice Age, and our diets today? |
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Definition
| During the Ice Age, the foods were characterized by a low glycaemic index, and a low carbohydrate intake, whereas it has a high glycaemic index today and characterized by a higher carbohydrate diet. |
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Term
| What are 2 out of 3 provisions that treatments for Parkinson’s disease aim for? |
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Definition
| Reduction of functional disability, neuroprotection/slowing down neurodegenerative process, and proper initiation of therapy for preventing long-term complications |
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Term
What antibody-mediated hypersentivity is common in both helminthic
infections and asthma? |
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Definition
| gE (TOO SPECIFIC OF AN ANSWER - SO PROBABLY WON’T ASK - just a tip:) - Lynn ) |
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Term
| What is the best protection the human race seems to have against the unpredictable changes that occur all too frequently in the influenza virus? |
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Definition
| vaccination, social distancing, hand washing and common sense. |
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Term
| What are two hypotheses in explaining the AIDS outbreaks? |
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Definition
1. Transmission of HIV related viruses (SIV cpz and SIVsm) to humans via cutaneous/mucous membrane exposure. 2. Attenuated oral polio
vaccination trials, in which vaccine created from infected primates |
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Term
| What ingredient found in antibacterial soaps make it risky? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the parental manipulation model describe? |
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Definition
| Mechanisms by which parents prevent child’s developmental drives by changing them from self-centered and genetically based selfish behavior |
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Term
| What two characteristics do humans and honey bees possess? |
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Definition
| Complex communication + altruism |
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Term
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Definition
| An excessive, involuntary, rationally unfounded fear, which provokes maladaptive avoidance of a specific object/situation. |
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Term
| What are three symptoms of ADHD that may be seen as adaptive characteristics in our ancestral environments? |
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Definition
| Hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention |
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Term
| Name 3 differences that the article mentions that differentiates Asian and American culture. |
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Definition
Family: Asian(past, present, future generation) American(present generation)
Emphasis:Asian (group welfare), American(Self Happiness)
Physician Role: Asian(responsible for patient well being), American (Competency). |
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Term
| What is the natural selection hypothesis for skin color? |
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Definition
| It suggests that lighter skin in the higher latitudes evolved for vitamin D production. |
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Term
| According to the article “Surnames and Cancer Genes,” what three level of analyses did the author look at? |
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Definition
| Parental isonymy, parental name combination, and individual names. |
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Term
| What is the difference between pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics? |
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Definition
| Whereas pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic alterations of drug responses, pharmacogenomics also deals with drug- induced alterations of gene function. |
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