Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| natural selection (differential fertility or morality) |
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Term
| what are some pre-darwinian theories? |
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Definition
| Aristotle - "great chain of being" (hierarchical) |
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Definition
| began to understand the world by observing natural processes |
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Definition
| driven by inner "need" (i.e. a giraffe's neck gets longer because he keeps reaching for more leaves) |
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Definition
natural selection- survival of the fittest
darwin and galapago's finches
the origin of species |
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Term
| darwin's three postulates |
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Definition
variation exists
variation is heritable
there is a "struggle for existence"
conclusion: biological change by natural selection |
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Term
| 3 types of natural selection |
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Definition
| directional, disruptive (diversive), stabilizing |
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Term
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Definition
long-term slection of the same trait
maladaptive trait is removed
better-adapted trait remains |
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Definition
favors more than one
both extremes |
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Definition
favoring balance
remain constant
more mainstream |
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| mosquito behavior and DDT |
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Definition
hit and rest (before DDT)
hit and run I(after DDT) |
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Definition
| how traits are inherited and where new variation comes from (genetics) |
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Definition
how traits are inherited from one generation to the next
discrete inheritance: red and white make red and white kids |
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Definition
| basic biological unit of heredity |
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Definition
| different versions of the same gene |
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Definition
| an abstract way to think about the frequency of alleles in a population |
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Definition
| change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
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Definition
errors in DNA replication
ultimate source of new variation
random with respect to need |
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Definition
random change (with respect to alleles)
most important in small populations |
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Definition
| a small group colonizes in a new area and leaves |
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Term
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Definition
exchange of genetic material between populations
in humans, culture shapes gene flow |
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Term
| if no differential fertility, mortality does genotype, allele frequency change between generations? |
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Definition
| no, because its not due to just natural selection |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| our ability to change in response to what we encounter while growing and living |
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Term
| whats an example of both biological and cultural plasticity? |
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Definition
| humans try to maintain a core body temp |
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Term
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Definition
| general body size and proportions |
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Term
| Bergmann's rule (ecogeographical patterns) |
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Definition
| at a lower temp, body size is larger. they have lower surface area/mass ratio |
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Term
| Allen's rule (ecogeographical pattern) |
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Definition
| at higher temperatures, limbs are longer (within a species). so they have a higher surface/mass ratio |
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Term
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Definition
body weight- negatively correlated with mean annual temp.
relative sitting height- negatively correlated with mean annual temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated metabolic rate (phenotypical adaptation to full range of changing environmental factors) |
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Term
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Definition
| shivering, blood vessel constriction (phenotypical adaptation to change in one's environmental factor under lab conditions) |
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Term
| adaptation to high altitude |
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Definition
| percent of oxygen is constant, but air is less compressed so we get less oxygen per breath. affects all organ systems. nose humidifies and warms air. |
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Term
| responses to high altitude |
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Definition
oxygen saturation in blood drops abruptly
initial response: ventilation rate and depth. heart rate and blood pressure
several weeks after: increase red blood cell production., lowers breathing and heart rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| acute mountain sickness (velasquez's boyfriend got this) |
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Term
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Definition
andean: increase hemoglobin
himmals: increased respiration
acclimatization: body size, lung size
acclimation: respiration, hemoglobin production
cultural: diet |
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Term
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Definition
skin color: influenced by: Hemoglobin, Carotene, Melanin
increased vitamin D intake when you have lighter skin
milk to get calcium |
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Definition
| a change of species over time, including speciation. |
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Definition
| organisms that when they interbreed produce viable offspring. |
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Definition
| change in allele frequency in a population over time |
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Definition
| the development and history of groups, of species and higher groupings. |
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Definition
| reproductive isolation plus weak directional selection |
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Definition
| gene flow plus strong directional selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of primates minus humans |
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Term
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Definition
grasping hands and feet
nails instead of claws
primates use hands more often rather than nose
increased reliance on vision rather than smell
complex brains
one baby at a time
like to live with other animals |
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Term
| Prosimians (lemus, Lorises, galagos, tarsiers) |
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Definition
africa, asia, madagascar
diet: insects and frugivores
nocternal
locomotion: vertical clinging and leaping |
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Term
| Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans) |
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Definition
platyrrhines (new world monkeys)
activity: arboreal quadrupeds
prehensile tails and lat/broad nose with outward facing nostrils |
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Term
| Catarrhines (old world monkeys) |
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Definition
activity: terrestrial quadrupeds
sharp noses, tail is not prehensile |
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Term
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Definition
social and intelligent
lack a tail |
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Term
| Catarrhines (old world monkeys) |
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Definition
activity: terrestrial quadrupeds
sharp noses, tail is not prehensile |
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Term
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Definition
social and intelligent
lack a tail |
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Term
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Definition
hanging by arms
not many are in zoos |
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Term
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Definition
massive body size
quickly moving through branches
you can distinguish sex by appearance |
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Term
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Definition
largest of living primates
can weigh up to 400 lbs
"knuckle walkers" |
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Term
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Definition
pygmy chimp:
least studied of all apes
female bonding
use sex instead of fighting to alleviate tension
upright walking |
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Term
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Definition
what we share with other primates:
learning
violence directed towards non-group members
tool use
hunting |
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Term
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Definition
| a direct human ancestor after our line split off from the direct ancestors of the chimps |
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Term
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Definition
most likely changes in the environment
global climate shifts to cooler, drier
good for the growth of savanna grassland in sub-saharan africa |
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Term
| why did we split from the chimps? |
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Definition
the great rift valley deepens, separating eastern and western africa.
forested habitat to west and drier grasslands to east
landscape may have restricted gene flow, encouraged different adaptations |
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Term
| speciation by natural selection? |
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Definition
gradual change
punctuated equalibrium |
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Term
| hominin trends: bipedalism |
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Definition
adaptation to open grassland habitat
allows for long-distance sight of predators
possible reduction in solar radiation absorbed
later, important for making and using tools, carrying things |
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Term
| hominin trends: changes in anatomy due to bipedalism |
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Definition
foot: platform for weight
hip: support greater weight; easier to balance
knee: support greater weight, change in gait
limbs: legs lengthen, forelimbs optimizations
skull: foramen magnum; flat face
vertebra: double bend; vertically |
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Term
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Definition
larger brains, larger skulls
continued to shift to larger size
required birth of immature, dependent young.
skull is separated into "fontanelles" which flex and allow passage through birth canal |
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Term
| hominin trends: changes in teeth |
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Definition
large back molars, thicker tooth enamel for grinding tough plant food in savannah/forest
smaller canines and premolars, less necessary. |
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Term
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Definition
increased manufacture
increased use
increased complexity |
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Term
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Definition
ethiopia
Earliest known hominin
o Lived in more arboreal environment
o Probable bipedalism
o Apelikes size, anatomy
o Slightly smaller canines than chimps
o Fragments of 5 individuals |
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Term
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Definition
Ethiopia
o Likely developed from kadabba
o Lived in a forested, floodplain environment
o Apelike molars and premolars, thin enamel, but smaller incisors and canines
o Probable bipedalism |
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Term
| Australopiticus anamensis |
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Definition
Kenya
o May have develop from ramidus
o Mixed habitat of open grassland bushy areas, forest
o Apelike teeth but larger/wider molars and thicker enamel
o Probable bipedalism |
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Term
| australopithecus afarensis |
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Definition
Tanzania & etheopia
o Maybe developed from anamensis
o Mixed habitat of forest edge/savannah and open grassland savannah
o Teeth are mized: apelike and humnlike features
o Bipedalism-skelatal evidence, footprints at laetoli
o “lucy” |
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Term
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Definition
o at this time, the australopithecines, a type of hominin, branched into several possible lines along a gracile and robust continuum
o many of these lines went extinct 1 continued evolving. |
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Term
| Australopithecus africanus |
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Definition
o May have developed from afarensis;gracile
o South Africa
o Bipedal
o Teeth are mixed; apelike and humanlike features
o Mixed omnivorous diet, emphasis on tough plant foods |
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Term
| Australopithecus (paranthropus) robustus |
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Definition
• May have developed from africanus, but may have lived at the same time
• South Africa
• Bipedal
• Teeth are mixed; apelike and humanlike features
• Mixed omnivorous diet
• Slightly bigger in body and brain to africanus- more “robust” |
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Term
| Australopithecusboisei (paranthropus boisei) |
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Definition
• May have developed from afarensis
• East Africa
• Bipedal
• Almost same size as africanus, robustus
• Teeth arem mized (ape/human) but.. largest postcanine teeth of any APC . HUGA molars, similar to a gorilla
• Diet focused on low quality, tough plant foods
• Extinct due to climate/ habitat change |
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Term
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Definition
ethipoia
• Worlds earliest stone tools (pebble tools) dated to same strata at nearby site
• Garhi found along evidence for butchering – some stone tools, cut marks on bone, smashed bone
• Meat and marrow are nutrient rich
• Mixed omnivorous diet
• Some teth like later homo species, but gracile features very similar to afarensis
• Competitor to boisei? Or just contemporary
• Link between afarensis and homo? |
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Term
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Definition
Tanzania
• Larger brain, skull capacity
• Reduced premolar and molar size= change in diet
• Teeth size linked to jaw size; jaws more malleable, teeth size genetically determined. Less dependence on tough plant foods. Less demanding chewing=smaller jaws=favoring of smaller teeth
• Precision grip – better hands
• Short, with ape-like limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Kenya
• Larger brain/skull capacity than habilis
• Molars and teeth like a hyper-robust APC
• Different species? Larger specimen of habilis? |
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Term
| o The Pleistocene geological epoch |
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Definition
• Early: 2.0-1 m.y.a.
• Middle: 1 m.y.a – 130,000 b.p.(ice ages begn)
• Late 130,000-10,000 b.p. b(ice age ends with the Holocene geological epoch) |
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Term
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Definition
• Developed out of homo habalis?
• Would have been a short time span, relative to other developments
• Punctuated equilibrium? The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change
• A combination of biological and behavioral changes separated H. erectus from others. |
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Term
| Cranial/skull changes in Homo Erectus |
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Definition
Larger brain/braincase
Smaller post-canine teeth
Larger incisors
Thicker brow ridge
Smaller jaw
Slightly shorter face
Much taller, larger body size than austrlopithecines and H. habilis / rudolfensis
~5-6 feet tall
shorter arms
longer legs
more barrel-shaped chest/torso
bifacial flaking techniques
the Achreulian hand axe
flakes as fast tools, fine cutting
the first “tool kit” with different tools made and used for different tasks |
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Term
| hunting and gathering economy in homo erectus |
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Definition
increased size = formidable mammal
increased size = need more calories
more meat!
Hunting/ butchereing of large mammals more common
Plant foods still important
This is a “mixed economy” and the strategy that has served humans for most of our history |
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Term
| controlled use of fire in homo erectus |
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Definition
| heat, light, cooking, protection against predators |
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Term
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Definition
• Africa, middle east, Europe, asia
• Features beru among different populations Neandertals don’t all look the same
• Some generalizations in body form, behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
o Generalized cranial traits:
• Occipital bun
• Projecting mid-face
• Low, flat, elongated skull
• Prominent brow ridge
• Very large incisors = used as tools
• No projecting chin
• Flat, wide, projecting nose
• Brain size smaller or lightly larger than AMHs
o Generalized postcranial (below skull) traits
• Very robust strong build
• ~5-6 feet tall
• large, barrel shaped torso/chest
• wide shoulders long collar bones
• longer femurs in ratio to tibia/fibula in AMHs |
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Term
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Definition
• top-level carnivores, perhaps eating only meat or primarily meat
• effective hunters: mammoths, bear, reindeer, bison, horses, wooly rhinos
• coordinated hunting/ animal drives
• controlled use of fire
• distinct tool kit: Mousterian, flake tools
• bone tools: awls and pins
• wear on bone and stone tools shows cutting/ scraping animal hides: clothes and shelter.
• Cave burials: flower pollen, animal bones, red powder = increasing ritual for dead |
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Term
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Definition
o originated in Africa, went basically everywhere
o distinct biological and behavioral traits from earlier forms, neandertal |
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Term
| biological traits in humans |
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Definition
• vertical forehead, rather than sloping
• smaller incisors
• reduction/loss of prominent brow ridge
• prominent, projecting chin
• less barrel-shaped chest/torso
• longer arms and legs in relation to torso
• in general, less robust/more gracile than neadertal |
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Term
| behavioral traits in humans |
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Definition
• a blade is a specialized flake, at least twice as long as it is wide
• made from a prepared core
• blade tools are more efficient than flake tools – less material is wasted, more cutting edges are available
• blade tools made working wood, bone, etc. much easier.
• Bone tools: fish hooks, needles, pins, knives, harpoons
• Stone and bone beads
• Ornaments
• Stone, bone, ivory figurines |
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Term
| behavioral modernity in humans |
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Definition
• Abstract thought, used symbols
• Language
• Exchange/trade
• Increasingly complex tool kits
• Art
• Music
• Games
• Increasingly complex burial treatment |
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Term
| what happened to neandertals? |
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Definition
• Outcompeted/replaced by AMH around 35,000-30,000 bp
• AMH were more successful
• How often and in what ways did they interact?
Replacement v. hybridization |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the past through the systematic recovery and analysis of material remains |
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Term
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Definition
• the concept of culture unites the subfields of anthropology
• learned
• shared
• symbolic |
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Term
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Definition
• the concept of culture unites the subfields of anthropology
• learned
• shared
• symbolic |
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Term
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Definition
• an adaptive perspective is primarily concerned with “culture as a system”
• social and cultural differences are viewed as responses to the material parameters of life, such as food, shelter and reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
• this perspective emphasizes ideas, thoughts and shared knowledge and sees symbols and their meanings as crucial to shaping human behavior
• according to the ideational view of culture, one cannot comprehend human behavior without understanding the symbolic code for behavior |
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Term
| finding archaeological sites |
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Definition
• an archeological site is any place where material evidence exists about the human past
• archaeological sites are found in different ways, and there is no single formula to finding them
• luck and hard work are the major keys; sites are also found through systematic survey |
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Term
| topographic/contour mapping |
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Definition
elevation
LiDAR (light detection and ranging)
surface collecting |
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Term
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Definition
collection squares
pottery
flint blades
obsidian/flint |
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Term
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Definition
geographical perspection
map variation in the physical properties of the earth
electromagnetic conductivity
magnetometry
electrical resistivity
GPR |
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Term
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Definition
cheapest method
dig holes in the ground and see what comes up
pottery shards |
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Term
| what are the archeologists data? |
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Definition
artifacts
ecofacts
features
fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| the oldest material is at the bottom |
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Term
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Definition
• Dominant factor in forming the archeological record
o Discard- everything eventually breaks or wears out and is discarded
o Loss- example: an arrow that misses its target or a pot left at a camp
o Caching- some items are intentionally left behind
o Ritual- example: grave goods |
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Term
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Definition
• Archeologists document patterns in how material culture changes through time and across space
• Organizing data into meaningful patterns is vital to the field of archaeology |
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Term
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Definition
• Archeologists document patterns in how material culture changes through time and across space
• Organizing data into meaningful patterns is vital to the field of archaeology |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a process by which people made their stone tools |
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Term
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Definition
| we can find out what people ate by looking at ecofacts |
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Definition
| testing carbon to see the age |
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Term
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Definition
| grows one ring every year. lots of rain=big rings |
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