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| Why is Darwin so celebrated as opposed to ____________ who sent him his own theory on natural selection? |
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Definition
Because he was the first with evidence.
Alfred Russell Wallace sent him his essay on his theory of evolution. |
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| SPECIAL HISTORICAL FIGURES! |
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Definition
Linnaeus - the first with classification, for the greater glory of god.
Hutton - gradual geologic change with Lyell; the earth is older than 6,000 years
LaMarck - species can change - although he was wrong - he thought that acquired traits were hereditary
Cuvier - catastrophism - fossils and sedimentary rock; paleontology
Lyell - modern geology - gradual change with Hutton
Darwin (duh)
Mendel (Duh)
Wallace - sent darwin his theory of evolution - darwin published the next year |
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| that change takes place in long, continuous processes |
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| the ship that darwin sailed on - galapagos island - finches - through his data he began to develop theory of evolution |
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the Cactus Eater - long, sharp beak for getting juice from cacti
the Seed Eater - short, solid beak for cracking seeds
the insect eater - long, narrow beak for trapping insects |
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| Descent with modification |
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Definition
survival of the fittest
the genes that suit the environment best will be selected for and will be more common in the gene pool because the offspring with them will survive |
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| the observations of ernst mayr |
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Definition
1. populations would increase exponentially if all offspring reproduced successfully
2. populations do not grow exponentially - they are stable in size (seasonal flux n/a)
3. resources are limited in supporting a population
4. members of a population vary in characteristics
5. variation is heritable |
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| the inferences of ernst mayr |
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Definition
1. the limited resources cause a struggle to survive - hence, survival of the fittest, only a fraction survive
2. part of survival is inherited traits
3. the unequal ability to adapt and survive --> a gradually changing population where the most common traits are the most favorable |
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| a group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
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| humans cloning plants/organisms that they want - broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage |
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NATURAL SELECTION
the guppy example |
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Definition
killifish like guppies small, therefore, the guppies are larger at sexual maturity, therefore they have a better chance of making offspring
pike-chiclids like large guppies, therefore the guppies are small at sexual maturity, therefore they will be more likely to reproduce successfully
move sexually small guppies into pond will killifish - 11 years later, the guppies grew to be larger at sexual maturity
they adapted! |
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Term
NATURAL SELECTION
the HIV - Drugs example |
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Definition
medications select for viruses that are resistant to the drugs, because the rest of the virus population will not have a certain mutation, therefore it will die from the drugs
this poses a threat to our society |
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similarity resulting from common ancestry
ex: humans, cats, whales, and bats all have similar arm structures - the humerus to the metacarpals |
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seeing the similarities between different organisms in their stage of being a fetus - addtional homologies not seen in adults
ex: post-anal tail in humans and chickens, also the pharyngeal pouches |
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Definition
organs that are remnants of structures used by an ancestor but are not used today
ex: the appendix, the tailbone |
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| change in genetic make-up from generation to generation |
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Definition
| in a gene pool, if there is only one gene available for a particular locus, it is called a fixed gene |
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| Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium equation |
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Definition
p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1
p+q=1
p= number of dominant alleles
q= number of recessive alleles
p^2 = Homozygous dominant
2pq = heterozygotes
q^2 = homozygous recessive |
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Term
Hardy-Weinberg Theorem
What is needed for hardy-weinberg to work |
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Definition
- that from generation to generation, the allele frequencies will not change
1) no natural selection
2) no gene flow
3) no MUTATIONS
4) large population
5) random mating
hardy weinberg does not work perfectly because populations do change |
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Term
| we can use the hardy-weinberg theorem to... |
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Definition
| predict / estimate the number of carriers for recessive diseases |
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Definition
change in one base of a gene
can be significat to phenotype
is usually harmless, but my have an adaptive impact |
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| chromosomal mutations that affect many loci... |
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Definition
almost always harmful
but translocations can be beneficial |
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Definition
duplicates chromosome segments
ex: olfactory receptors in mice and humans |
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Definition
| are faster the quicker the organisms reproduce |
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Definition
| is way better than mutations and allows for adaptation |
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Definition
when only certain members of a population are able to sexually reproduce
Bottleneck effect - a sudden change in environment that leaves a fraction surviving --> the gene pool will not be reflective of the original population
the founder effect - a population is separated - a few individuals are isolated --> will affect the frequences, especially homozygous recessive behavior (due to carriers and interbreeding) |
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| the big picture - many different microevolutionary instances |
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| the emigration and immigration of genes into the pool - causing the population to gain or lose alleles |
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genetic variation
variation within a population - characters |
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Definition
occurs in individuals of all species
-disrcrete characters = an either-or basis (short or tall); no spectrum
-quantitative characters - vary along a continuum / spectrum |
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Definition
the quality or character of occuring in different forms
phenotypic polymorphism - two or more distinct morphs for a character that are represented in a high enough frequency to be readily noticeable
genetic polymorphism - heritable components of characters that occur along a spectrum |
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Definition
differences in gene pools of separate populations of different species
occuring as a cline - graded change in a trait along a geographic axis |
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Term
| Genetic Fitness and Relative Fitness |
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Definition
the more kids you have, the more genes you supply to the gene pool
relative fitness - the contribution of a genotype to the next generation compared to the other possible genotypes for a particular locus |
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Definition
Directional - favors one extreme of a bell curve - bell curve moves towards one end
disruptive - goes towards both extremes from a bell curve
stabilizing - goes toward the middle of the spectrum from the extremes |
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Definition
| having two alleles for each gene - allows for recessive genes to survive |
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Definition
| when natural selection maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population ==> BALANCED POLYMORPHISM |
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Definition
| greater fitness than homozygotes (sickle-cell anemia example) |
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| frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
| the fitness of any morph declines if it is too common in a population - predator shifts its feeding habits |
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Definition
natural selection in mating
2 kinds
Intrasexual - members of one sex fighting eachother for one of the other (humans, gorrillas)
Intersexual - one sex (females) being choosy in their mate, and usually go for the flashiest appearance (i.e. birds) |
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| Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction - benefits and handicaps |
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Definition
Asexual - more offspring each generation, but no variation
sexual - variation in every new generation |
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Definition
| the origin of new species |
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| Two evolutionary patterns |
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Definition
Anagenesis - gradual change where the original species is completely lost and the new species replaces its ancestor
Cladogenesis - the brancing where the original species is preserved in its descendants |
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| a population or a group of populations that are able to interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring |
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Definition
reproductive isolation which impedes members of a species from interbreeding - it prevents the actual mating of two organisms 1) Habitat isolation (living in two different places) 2) Temporal isolation - day v. night 3) behavioral isolation - mating rituals 4) mechanical isolation - live in different places 5) Gametic isolation - incompatability at the molecular level |
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Definition
prevent hybrid zygot from developing into fetile adult
1) Reducing hybrid viability - doesn't develop
2) reduce hybrid fertility - can't reproduce
3) hybrid breakdown - falls apart because it's so unstable |
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Definition
| characterizes a species by appearance and structure |
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Definition
a way of life in a certain environment
(habitat = where they live) |
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| phylogenetic species concept |
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Definition
| defines species in terms of their ancestors |
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Definition
| when a population is physically split and evolves in different environments, therefore selecting for different genes |
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when a population is not physically split, but evolves differently due to, at some point, enough genetic difference to hinder interbreeding.
can cause the the appearance of new ecological niches |
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evolution upon introduction to new environmental opportunities - causes adaptation
example: the hawaiian archipelago |
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Definition
| new species bud from parent then changes little during its existence - a tree |
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Definition
caused by nondisjunction; extra sets of chromosomes - prevalent in plant evolution
and AUTOpolyploid - chromosomes from the same species
ALLOpolyploid - chromosomes of different species |
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| novel biological structures |
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Definition
| complex structures like the eye - evolved but had the same function throughout its ancestry |
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Definition
evolutionary change in the rate or timing of development
ex: salamander feet - ground v. tree dwelling |
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Definition
tracks / controls proportioning
ex: shapes of human and chimp skulls |
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Definition
rate of reproductive development accelerates compared to somatic development ==>
sexually mature species retains structures from a juvenile state |
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spatial and temperal
determine locations of body structures
ex: Hox gene provides positional information for development of fins and limbs |
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Definition
structures that evolve in one context, but are used in another.
ex: a bird's lightweight bones predate flight, perhaps wings used for thermal regulation |
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and individual as a species
speciation = birth
Extinction = death
new species = offspring |
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the tree of life
uses morphological, biochemical, and molecular comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
| rich source of fossils in deposited layers called strata - most common |
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| what's so awesome about fossils? |
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Definition
| they show ancestral characteristics that have been lost over time |
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Definition
produces similar / ANALAGOUS structures in species that have different evolutionary lineages due to similar environments
these analagous structures are called homoplasies |
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| Computer programs used for systematics |
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Definition
| compare DNA sequences from different organisms |
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| Taxonomy and Binomial Nomenclature |
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Definition
the ordered division of species into categories based on similarities and differences
the binomial nomenclature was developed by Linnaeus (although he sucked at organizing because it was all morphological), using latin, names the genus and the species
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| the evolutionary history of a species |
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a certain branch of the phylogenic tree
MONOphyletic - an ancestor and all its descendants
PARAphyletic - an ancestor and some of its descendents |
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Definition
| a homologous structure that predates the branching of a particular clade and is shared beyond the taxon |
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Definition
the fewest branches; recquires the least amount of evolutionary events for shared derived characters
during CONVERGENT evolution, is it not always the most parsimonious tree that fits the best hypothesis
ex: four-chambered heart in birds and beavers |
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Definition
a certain rate of mutation / evolution, which stays the same.
involved in neutral theory, which states that fitness has nothing to do with darwinian selection
clock does not run this smoothly
HIV example - comparison of HIV samples from throughout the epidemic - descendant from HIV that infected primates |
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Term
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| Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea |
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