Energy transfer from ATP and is released to the surroundings

Potential energy of molecules

Measured in kilocalories

Entropy

• A measure of a systems disorder without energy inputs to maintain it
• More disorder, more entropy

Amount of energy in the universe flows from useable forms to non-usable forms

Starting substances, what is put into a reaction

The minimum amount of energy for a reaction to proceed

• Net increase in usable energy for the cell
• More energy in the product
• Ex: Photosynthesis

• Any reaction that ends with a net release of energy
• Net loss of energy
• Less energy in the product
• Ex: Respiration

• Adenosine triphosphate
• Ther energy carrier in all cells
• 5 carbon sugar (ribose), adenine, and 3 phosphates

• Adenosine diphosphate
• Phosphate binds to it to store energy

• Type of catalyst
• A Protein
• Speeds up reactions
• Lowers the activation energy
• Is not used up in the reaction
• Is specific for the substance it reacts with

Place on an enzyme where the substrate binds

When the substrate fits into the active site it is not a perfect fit, so the enzyme "molds" to the shape of the substrate

Binds to allosteric site and changes the shape of active site so reaction can take place

Binds to allosteric site and changes the shape of active site so reaction can not take place

End product concentration rises, that product goes back and binds to and enzyme and blocks the reaction from proceeding.

1. Temperature
2. pH
3. Salt Concentration

• Will increase the rate of reaction
• If the temp goes beyond the optimal temperature then the enzyme will denature and the reaction will stop

Break the molecules three-dimensional shape, thus changing the active site, and the reaction will not proceed.

• Work best at pH of 6-8
• High or low pH will disrupt enzyme structure and function

• Too much or too little salt interferes with the hydrogen bonds that help hold an enzymes shape

• Helps enzymes catalyze a reaction
• Also called a cofactor
• Ex: NAD, FAD, and NADP

Enzyme mediated sequences of reactions in cells

1. Anabolic (biosynthetic)
2. Catabolic (degradative)

Anabolic Pathway

(biosynthetic)

• Form energy rich products such at glucose
• Endergonic Reaction
• Ex: Photosynthesis

Catabolic Pathway

(degradative)

• The cell degrades energy rich compounds
• Exergonic Reaction
• Ex: Respiration