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| A fundamental, essential, or irreducible substance. |
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| Something that occupies space and can be perceived by one or more senses |
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| A chemical element required in minute quantities by an organism to maintain proper physical functioning. |
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| A part or particle considered to be an irreducible constituent of a specified system. |
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| An electrically neutral subatomic particle in the baryon family, having a mass 1,839 times that of the electron, stable when bound in an atomic nucleus, and having a mean lifetime of approximately 1.0 × 103 seconds as a free particle. It and the proton form nearly the entire mass of atomic nuclei. |
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| A stable, positively charged subatomic particle in the baryon family having a mass 1,836 times that of the electron. |
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| A stable subatomic particle in the lepton family having a rest mass of 9.1066 × 10-28 grams and a unit negative electric charge of approximately 1.602 × 10-19 coulombs. |
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| A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction. |
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| unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of the most abundant isotope of carbon, carbon 12, which is assigned a mass of 12. |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element |
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| The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus. |
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| The mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units. |
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| One of two or more atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. |
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| natural or artificially created isotope of a chemical element having an unstable nucleus that decays, emitting alpha, beta, or gamma rays until stability is reached. |
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| The capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object (of a given mass) by the application of force. |
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| The energy of a particle or system of particles derived from position, or condition, rather than motion. |
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| One of a set of states of a physical system associated with a range of energies. Electrons in an atom, for example, can shift between the different energy levels corresponding to orbitals in different shells. |
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| a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom; "the chemical properties of an atom are determined by the outermost electron shell" |
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| The wave function of an electron in an atom or molecule, indicating the electron's probable location. |
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| An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms. |
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The outermost shell of an atom consisting of the valence electrons
chemical bond: Any of several forces, especially the ionic bond, covalent bond, and metallic bond, by which atoms or ions are bound in a molecule or crystal |
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| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. |
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| The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces. |
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| A chemical formula that shows how the atoms and bonds in a molecule are arranged |
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| A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule. |
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| A covalent bond in which two electron pairs are shared between two atoms. |
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| The combining capacity of an atom or radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms. |
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| the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond |
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| bond in which electrons are shared between elements having a difference in electronegativity of less than 0.5 |
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| a chemical reaction and its reverse proceed at equal rates |
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It is a bond in which the electron density is unsymmetrical.
ion: An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons. |
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| An ion or group of ions having a positive charge and characteristically moving toward the negative electrode in electrolysis. |
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| A negatively charged ion, especially the ion that migrates to an anode in electrolysis. |
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| A chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges, characteristic of salts. |
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| A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine atom, usually of another molecule. |
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| a process in which one or more substances are changed into others. |
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| A substance participating in a chemical reaction, especially a directly reacting substance present at the initiation of the reaction. |
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| Something produced by human or mechanical effort or by a natural process |
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