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| Each kind of being (separate link on the chain) |
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| the study of patterns in the geographic distribution of individual species and entire communities |
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the study of body plans and structures among groups of organisms
ex: bones in human arm,whale flipper differ in size,shape and function |
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| recognizable, physical evidence of an organism that lived in a distant past |
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| Idea that abrupt changes in the geological and fossil record are evidence of divinely invoked catastrophes |
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| The outcome of differences in reproduction among individuals of a population that varying shared traits. Environmental agents of selection act as a range of variation, and the population may evolve as a result |
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| slow process that starts when an organism or traces of it become covered by sediments or volcanic ash; water slowly infiltrates the remains, and metal ions and other inorganic compounds dissolved in it replace the minerals in bones and other hardened tissues |
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| the formation of sedimentary rock layers |
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| way to measure proportions of a daughter isotope and the parent radioisotope of element trapped in a rock since the time the rock formed |
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| the time it takes for half the quantity of a radioisotope's atoms to decay |
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| timescale for Earth's history; major subdivisions correspond to mass extinctions. Dates are now absolute as a result of radiometrically dating. |
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| large-scale pattens, rate of change, and trends among lineages |
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| palezoic supercontinent;the first land plants and animals evolved on it |
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| Theory that great slabs or plates of Earth's molten layer float on a hot,semi-molten mantle. All plates are moving and have rafted continents to new positions over time |
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| a super-continent that preceded Pangea |
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| homo (meaning same) similarities in body parts between different groups pointing to a shared ancestry |
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| Change from the body form of a common ancestor in a major macro-evolutionary pattern |
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| Morphological convergence |
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| cases where dissimilarly body parts evolved in similar ways in the evolutionary distant lineages |
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analogos (meaning similar to one another)
dissimilar body parts that become similar in structure, function or both in lineages that are not closely related but very subjected to similar pressures |
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| Nucleic acid Hybridization |
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| refers to base-pairing between DNA strands from different sources |
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| Model used to calculate the origin of one lineage relative to others.Assumes that a group of genes accumulates mutations at a constant rate, measurable as a series of predictable ticks, back through time. The last tick stops close to the time the lineage originated |
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