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| Definition: "Re-birth" in French and Italian. A cultural movement occurring in the 14th century through the 17th, which began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance generally was a time of great intellectual improvement, as education, perspectives of art and learning from the "classical sources" were revived. Mostly known for it's intellectual upgrades, the Renaissance also brought great knowledge in the ways of Art, and many great artists such as Leonardo de Vinci and Michelangelo lived during this time. |
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| An Italian poet, scholar and amongst the earliest "Renaissance humanists." By far his most credited form of poetry was the sonnet, and he was among the first to call the "middle ages" the "dark ages", thusly called by the belief that people didn't know how to write during that time. |
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| Center for Platonist and Neoplatonist thought |
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Platonism: "Centre of forms" as a general concept.
Neoplatonism: "New platonism"
With Platonism, the general basis is Plato's "Theory of Forms." The only true being is founded upon the forms, the eternal, unchangeable, perfect types, of which particular objects of sense are imperfect copies. The multitude of objects of sense, being involved in perpetual change, are thereby deprived of all genuine existence. The number of the forms is defined by the number of universal concepts which can be derived from the particular objects of sense.
The highest of these is the so-called "Form of the Good" which is the ultimate basis of the rest, and the first cause of being and knowledge.
n the third century, Plotinus recast Plato's system, establishing Neoplatonism, in which Middle Platonism was fused with oriental mysticism. At the summit of existence stands the One or the Good, as the source of all things. It generates from itself, as if from the reflection of its own being, reason, the nous, - wherein is contained the infinite store of ideas. The world-soul, the copy of the nous, is generated by and contained in it, as the nous is in the One, and, by informing matter in itself nonexistent, constitutes bodies whose existence is contained in the world-soul. Nature therefore is a whole, endowed with life and soul. Soul, being chained to matter, longs to escape from the bondage of the body and return to its original source. In virtue and philosophical thought it has the power to elevate itself above the reason into a state of ecstasy, where it can behold, or ascend up to, that one good primary Being whom reason cannot know. To attain this union with the Good, or God, is the true function of human beings.
Around 90 BC, Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, making way for the period known as Middle Platonism, in which Platonism was fused with certain Peripatetic and many Stoic dogmas. In Middle Platonism, the Platonic Forms were not transcendent but immanent to rational minds, and the physical world was a living, ensouled being, the World-Soul.
Where was the Center? |
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One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective.
The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts.To that end, painters also developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists.
In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient Classical buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and improved on classical forms. Brunelleschi's major feat of engineering was the building of the dome of Florence Cathedral.The first building to demonstrate this is claimed to be the church of St. Andrew built by Alberti in Mantua. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica, combining the skills of Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Sangallo and Maderno. |
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| Fall of the Italian city-states |
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| Creation of electoral college for the Holy Roman Empire |
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| A German goldsmith and printer who is credited with being the first European to use movable printing. He is the global inventor of the mechanical printing press. Hiss major work, the Gutenberg Bible (aka the 42-line Bible), has been acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality |
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An English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading Renaissance humanist scholar and occupied many public offices.'
He was beheaded in 1535 when he resued to sign the Act of Supremacy that declared King Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England. |
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Originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
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Fourth of the Avignon Popes. Was devoted to France and demonstrated French sympathies. Issued the Bull Unigenitus in order to justify the power of the pope and the use of indulgences.
Excommunicated Emperor Louis IV and proclaimed a crusade that never took off.
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A German monk, theologian, university professor, church reformer, and the Father of Protestantism. He changed the course of Western civilization. His theology challenged the authority of the papacy by saying that the bible is the only source of religious authority.
Was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church and declared an outlaw of the state as a consequence of his refusal to submit to Emperor Charles V. |
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| [Huldyrch (Uldrich)] Zwingli |
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Leader of the reformation in Switzerland. He preached ideas on reforming the church and noted the corruption of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. He promoted clerical marriage and was actively against the use of images in places of worship. He also clashed with the Anabaptists (the radicals of the Reformation)
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| Successions to the rule of Henry VIII |
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The 19th Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. Considered on of the Church's most important councils. The council issued condemnations on what it defined a Protestant heresies and defined Church teaching (scripture, tradition, original sin, justification, and sacraments)
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| Educational attitudes during 16th century Protestantism |
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| How women were viewed by Protestant thinkers |
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| Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam) Erasmus |
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Dutch renaissance humanist and Catholic Christian theologian.Was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style.
Was comitted to reforming the Church from within. Criticized Christian beliefs, abuses, and practices but remained committed to the Catholic doctrine of free will.
This 'middle' road angered many people during this time. |
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| A war caused by religious differences. Can involve two 'states' with different religions or one sect with the same religion but varying interpretations of it. |
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Denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV to the close of the Thirty Years' War.
A comprehensive effort composed of five major elements:
-Doctrine
-Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
-Religious orders
-Spiritual movements
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| Huguenotism (or French Calvinism) |
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The doctrines and practices of the Calvinistic communion in France in the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Prince of Orange by birth. Reigned as King over England, Ireland, and Scotland. Won these 'crowns' in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution.
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| Mary I (and her response to Protestants in England) |
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| An international association of national Anglican churches. There is no single Anglican Church with universal juridical authority as each national or regional church has full autonomy. |
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Queen of England Ireland until her death. Some called her the Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess. She was the last (fifth) monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
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The Spanish Fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia.
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One of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily (though not exclusively) in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe.
Initially was a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but eventually the conflict developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European powers. Eventually the war developed into a continuation of the Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Hapsburg powers, and less specifically about religion. |
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A term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by any other institutions such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Typically used in conjunction with European monarchs during the transition form feudalism to capitalism.
This is characterized by the end of feudal partitioning, the consolidation of power with the monarch, rise of state power, unification of the state, and a decrease in the influence of nobility. |
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| Nobility (% of population) |
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| Ottoman Sultans (and how they governed their Empire) |
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Jansenism was a branch of Catholic thought which arose in the frame of the Counter-Reformation and the aftermath of the Council of Trent. Founded by Abbé de Saint-Cyran.
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| Revocation of the Edict of Nantes |
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Revoked by Louis XIV, declaring Protestantism illegal. This was a very bad move for France as many protestants left France to go to other countries.
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| Netherlands rise and decline of power |
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| King of England from 1603-1631. Very unpopular due to Scottish linage. Attempted to make England an Absolutist Monarchy. |
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| The Petition of Rights is a major English constitutional document, which sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. It was produced by Parliament right before the English Civil War. |
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| A French Bishop and an important source of inspiration for Louis XIV’s concept of royal authority ((Absolutism)). |
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| A large group of European territories ruled by the Austrian Hapsburg family. Later became Austria-Hungary. Different territories changed hands over time. |
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| The ruler of Russia from 1682-1723. Builder of St. Petersburg. Began the Great Northern War against Sweden to extend Russian territory to a ((relatively)) ice free port. Built up the Russian Navy considerably. |
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| A point in history when many scientists began making great discoveries in the fields of science. The foundation for modern science. |
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A Dutch astronomer who believed in a geo-centric universe. He catalogued many of the planets and stars, providing excellent data to his assistant, Johannes Kepler.
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-- A German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion. Provided foundations for later studies of Gravity.
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a Tuscan physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. “Father of Modern Astronomy”. Defended a helio-centric solar system. Created and used the first telescope.
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| An English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, and author. Most celebrated works include: "The New Atlantis" |
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| An English philosopher. Important to the “Social Contract” theory. Advocated idea that Humans are naturally good and need only small amounts of Government. |
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A French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. The “Father of Modern Philosophy. A key figure in the French Revolution.
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An English philosopher, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His book "Leviathan" established the foundation for most of the Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
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French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Earliest work was in natural and applied sciences. Also wrote in defense of the scientific method.
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| Physico-theology (Natural Theology) |
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A branch of theology based on reason and ordinary experience. Explains the gods rationally, as part of the physical world.
It's part of the philosophy of religion dealing with describe the nature of the gods, or, in monotheism, arguing for or against attribute or non-attributes of G-d. (Especially the existence of G-d), purely philosophically. |
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| On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres |
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| Old Regime/ancient regime |
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Refers to the aristocratic, social, and political system established in France under the Valois and Bourbon dynasties.
Defined by the creators of the term, this developed out of the French monarchy of the Middle Ages and was swept away centuries later by the French Revolution of 1789.
It relied on the division of society.
The Monarchy (First Estate)
The Clergy (Second Estate)
The Rest of the Population (Third Estate)
...and three pillars:
The monarchy, the clergy, and the aristocracy.
Retained many aspects of a feudal system and supported the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings. |
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Need more info.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolocalism |
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Used to denote the basic structure of production and consumption in preindustrial Europe.
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The process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production.
It is also the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. |
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| A multi-spool spinning wheel. This device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. |
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| "putting out" system (the workshop system) |
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A means of subcontracting (signing a contract to perform part or all of the obligations of another's contract) work.
Also known as the workshop system.
Used in the textile industry, small farms, and lock making trades as late as the 19th century. |
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| An economic theory that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of a capital (economic assets). This theory suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy; by encouraging exports and discourage imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies. |
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| Established the peace of Utrecht. Comprises a series of individual peace treaties. Was signed in Utrecht. Concluded between various European states and helped end the War of Spanish Succession. |
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| [British] East India Company |
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Formed initially for pursuing trade with the East indies. Ended up trading with the Indian subcontinent and China.
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| Spanish treasure fleets that transported various goods from the Spanish colonies to Spain. |
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| Robert Jenkins (and the war of Jenkins ear) |
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A British master mariner.
On the trip home from the West Indies his ship was stopped and boarded by the Spanish Guard.
One of his ears was cut off and he was told (by the 'cutter') to tell his king that the same would happen to him (the king) if caught pirating and carrying contraband.
He returned home to tell the king what had happened and as a result of the reporting of this incident a war was initiated between England and Spain. (was actually an excuse for war to be declared) |
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War involving all the major European powers of the period. Cause 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths.
Prussia and UK against Austria, France, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony.
Later Portugal and Spain joined. Portal on Great Britain's (UK) side and Spain on France's side.
This war ended France's position as a major colonial power in the Americas.
More Info (?). |
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King of Great Britain and Ireland.First King of the United Kingdoms. Was also prince-elector of Hanover.
Reign was marked by a series of military conflicts. Early in his reign defeated France in the Seven Years' War.
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| A term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. |
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| Results of the Enlightenment |
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Liberalism and neo-classicism movements.
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| A group of intellectuals of the 18th century Enlightenment. |
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Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, but equally important to social contract theory.
First philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. Believed that people are born without innate ideas (that the mind was a "blank slate (tabula rasa)) |
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English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian.
Described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.
Showed that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. Thus removing the last
Wrote "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica". |
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A French social commentator and political thinker. Famous for articulation of the theory of the separation of powers.
Largely responsible for the popularization of the terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire.
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An eighteenth-century British writer, philosopher, and feminist. Best known for "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men; appear to be only because they lack education.
She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason. |
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| "Crush the Infamous Thing" |
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Written by Voltaire.
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| Encyclopedia (in the 17th to 19th centuries) |
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Most were based upon the notion of not including every fact known to hums but only the knowledge that was necessary.
Greatly secularized learning.
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| Adam Smith and laissez faire |
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Scottish moral philosopher and pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures in the Scottish Enlightenment.
Author of: "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "An Inquiry into Nature and the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" (aka "The Wealth of Nations). Latter is considered as the first modern work of economics.
This philosopher is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
Par 2: A term used to describe a policy allowing events to take their own course.
This term is commonly used to refer to various economic and political philosophies which seek to minimize or eliminate government intervention in most (or all) aspects of society. |
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Major philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth century [enlightenment]. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought.
Most important work = Emile (a.k.a.) On Education
Was the most popular of the philosophes among the Jacobin clubs. |
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A form of absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment.
These rulers embraced the principles of the enlightenment (especially the emphasis on rationality). These rulers also tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, scientists, and educations. |
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Period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France during which the French government underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights.
These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which include trial and execution of Louis XVI and vast bloodshed/repression during the Reign of Terror and warfare involving every other major European power. |
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French statesman best known for his involvement in the French Revolution.
Need more information. |
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Very unpopular tax on salt in France before 1790.
(More?)
Originally applied to taxes on all commodities but gradually limited to tax on salt. |
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| Third Estate (and the spirit of Third Estate) |
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Comprised of all those who were not members of the aristocracy or the clergy, including peasants, working people and the bourgeoisie.
Was united by their lack of money and the obligation to pay high taxes to the first estate.
Made up 97 of the population in France.
The movement in which the above addressed group tried to gain power. |
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List of grievances drawn up by each of the three estates in France. Compilation was ordered by King Louis XVI to give each Estate a chance to express their hopes and grievances directly to the king.
Documents recorded criticism of government waste, indirect taxes, church taxes and corruption, and hunting rights of aristocracy. |
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| Established during the French Revolution. Need more on it. |
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Occurred at the start of the French Revolution.
Peasants arming themselves in self defense against imaginary marauders and attacking manor houses. Aristocratic property was ransacked and documentation recording feudal obligations were destroyed.
Revolt spread across the country but gradually burned itself out as law and order was imposed by militia.
(Started as a fear that nobles had hired vagrants that roamed the countryside to prey on villagers and protect the new harvest from the peasants) |
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Paper money issued by National Constituent Assembly in France during the French Revolution. Issued after confiscation of church properties in 1790 because government was bankrupt.
Assignats were used to successfully retire a significant portion of the national debt as they were accepted as legitimate payment by domestic and international creditors.
Inflation was finally solved by Napoleon in 1803 when Napoleon introduced the franc as the new currency (by this time, assignats were basically worthless) |
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Term created by French aristocracy to describe poorer members of Third Estate.
The term eventually came to refer to the ill-clad/equipped volunteers of the Revolutionary army during the early years of the French Revolution.
Above all refers to the working class radicals of the French Revolution. |
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| French term for mass conscription (military draft) during the French Revolutionary Wars. |
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One of the best known figures of the French Revolution. Was an influential member of hte Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror which ended with his execution.
Was a [political] disciple of Rousseau and a capable articulator of the beliefs of the bourgeoisie.
Called "The Incorruptible" by his supporters. |
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Irish statesman, author, orator, political theorist, and philosopher.
Served for many years in the British House of Commons.
Remembered for his support of American colonies in the dispute with King George III and Britain (which led to the American Revolution) and strong opposition to the French Revolution.
Widely regarded as the philosophical founder of Anglo-American conservatism. |
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| Description Really Needed? |
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| A body of five directors that held executive power in France following the convention and preceding the consulate. The period of this regime constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution. |
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| Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) |
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Military and political leader of France.
Rose to prominence under first french republic.
Turned armies of the French Empire against every major European power and dominated continental Europe.
Spent last years of his life under British supervision of island/prison of Saint Helena.
However was sentenced to Elba before being imprisoned as a result of losing the Battle of Waterloo. |
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| Constitution of Year III (constitution of 1795) |
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National constitution of France during the French Revolution. Remained in affect until the revolution was ended and the ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte commenced. Was more conservative than abortive democratic.
Established a liberal republic based on payment of taxes. Central government retained great power, including emergency powers to curb freedom of press and of assosciation. |
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| British flag officer famous for participation in the Napoleonic Wars. Won a significant number of victories include the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, during which he lost his life. |
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French civil code established under Napoleon I. Drafted rapidly by a commission of four jurists. Is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries.
Stressed about clearly written and accessible laws.
"One of the few documents which have influenced the whole word" |
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Foreign policy of Napoleon I in struggle against the UK of Great Britain and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars.
Was more or less a large embargo. Forbid allies of Napoleon to trade with the British. (was issued by Napoleon)
Ultimately failed. Was more harmful to those who issued it than to the supposed victims. |
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| Battle of Nations (of Leipzig) |
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| Fought on 16-19 October, 1813. Was one of the most decisive defeats suffered by Napoleon Bonaparte. Fought in German soil and involved German troops on both sides. Considered the largest battle in Europe before World War I (over 500,000 troops involved) |
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A conference between ambassadors of European states. Was chaired by Austrian Statesman Kelmens Wenzel von Metternich (Prince Metternich of Austria). Held in Vienna.
Objective was to redraw continent's political map and settle issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, Napoleonic Wars, and dissolution of Holy Roman Empire.
Exiled Napoleon to Elba.
Final act was signed nine days before final defeat at Waterloo. |
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Marked the period between Napoleon Bonaparte's return from exile to Elba to Paris and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII.
Also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition and includes the Waterloo Campaign and Neapolitan War. |
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A complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe.
Gained strength during the Industrial Revolution.
Was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Enlightenment and a reaction against scientific rationalization.
Movement is rooted in German Pietism (prized intuition and emotion over rationalism). Ideologies and events of French Revolution laid background form which Romanticism emerged. |
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Also known as On Education. Considered to be the most important work of all his writings by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Was publicly burned in first appearance.
Is a treatise on the nature of education and man. Tackles political and philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society.
Also contains some advice on raising children. Is sometimes regarded as the first philosophy of education in Western culture.
Served as an inspiration for the new national system of education during the French Revolution |
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18th century German philosopher from Prussia. His most important work is the Critique of Pure Reason. (Also has Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment)
More? |
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The protagonist of a classic German legend who makes a pact with the Devil in exchange for knowledge. This tale is the basis for many literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works, such as those by Christopher Marlowe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann, Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod, Gustav Mahler and F. W. Murnau. The meaning of the word and name has been reinterpreted through the ages. has taken on a connotation distinct from its original use, and is often used today to describe a person whose headstrong desire for self-fulfillment leads him or her in a diabolical direction.
Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century, often reducing Faust to a figure of vulgar fun. The story was popularized in England by Christopher Marlowe, who gave it a classic treatment in his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's reworking of the story two centuries later, becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for "more than earthly meat and drink." |
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Definition
German Philosopher. Along with Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling was one of the creators of German Idealism.
Influenced writers of varying positions. Developed a comprehensive philosophic framework (system) to account for the relation of mind and nature. His conceptions are speculative logic or dialectic or absolute idealism. |
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