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| Russian tsar. Formed the Holy Alliance with Austria and Prussia. Cracked down on advocates of reform. |
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| A composer whose works served as a bridge between classicism and romanticism. Wrote the Third Symphony, Eroica, for Napoleon in 1804, and the 9th Symphony. |
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| Lead the first movement for Spanish South American independence, beginning in 1810. |
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| Napoleon III. Ruler of the Second French Empire. |
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| Middle-class professionals or businessmen. |
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| Spokesperson for conservatism. British polititian. Argued that the revolutionaries were wrong to believe that they could create a new government. |
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| Nationalist societies formed by German university students in Austria. |
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| A Romanticist writer. Wrote Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. |
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| "Charcoal burners." Secret societies in Italy that demanded a constitution. |
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| Decrees that Meternich convinced leaders of the biggest German states to issue. Outlawed student societies. |
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| British Prime Minister. Participated in the Congress of Vienna. |
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| Succeeded Louis XVIII. Tried to restore the old regime. In 1829, filled his cabinet with ultraroyalists. |
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| An artistic movement that emulated the works of antiquity. |
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| Wrote Gothic poetry. Most famous work is the Rime of the Ancient Mariner. |
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| An alliance between Austria, Russia, Prussia, Great Britan, and France. Vowed to maintain the status quo. |
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| Coalition of diplomats that met after Napoleon's fall and exile to put Europe back together. |
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| Prince Klemens von Metternich |
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| Austria's chief negotiator at the Congress of Vienna. |
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| Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Swore to rule according to Christian principles. Only Russia really took it seriously. |
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| Interested in checking the powers of monarchs, increasing parliamentary authority, and creating constitutions. Mostly from the middle class. |
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| Emphasized equality, wider voting rights, and direct government participation for ordinary people. Promoted social reforms. |
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| A Romanticist writer. Wrote Prometheus Unbound. |
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| A Romanticist writer. Wrote Ivanhoe. |
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| The Prussian customs union. By 1833, most of the the German states, except Austria, had joined it. |
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| Wanted to restore the monarchies and the old status quo. |
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| Generally favored communal ownership. Regarded the existing economic system as unfair. Inspired Karl Marx. |
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| Organizations of military leaders set up to rule in the name of the deposed King Ferdinand of Spain. |
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| Sought to end the slave trade. Blended Enlightenment thought with principles of Christianity. |
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| Rejected by the House of Lords, but passed by the House of Commons and the king after the Whigs took power. Increased suffrage and redistributed representation to Parliament to reflect population shifts caused by industrialization. |
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| Cousin of Charles X. Duke of Orleans. Recived the crown of France after the July Revolution of 1830. Favored the middle class. |
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| Started in 1830 after Charles X repudiated the Constitutional Charter of 1814, stripped the middle class of voting rights, and censored the press. The government collapsed after three days. Charles X went into exile in England, and his cousin, Louis Philippe, took the throne. |
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