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| high regard for human dignity and worth, realization of human potential |
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| created modern idea of Renaissance of a birthplace of modern world and saw revival of antiquity and secularism as it's distinguishing features |
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| commercial and military association |
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| greatest bank in Europe, with branches in Venice, Milan, Rome, Avigon, Brages, London, and Lyon |
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| Certain ideals came to be expected of the aristocrat that are expressed in this book, 3 basic attributes |
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| leaders or bands of mercenary soldiers |
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| Name the 5 Italian states in the Renaissance |
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| Milan, Venice, Papal, Florence, Naples |
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| worked to create a highly centralized territorial state, successful in devising system of taxation that generated enormous revenues for government |
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| took control of merchant oligarchy, successful in dominating city when Florence was center of cultural Renaissance |
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| central Italy where residence and great schism enabled cities and territories to become independent |
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| known for intelligence and political wisdom, efficiently ruled Mantua and won a reputation as a clever negotiator |
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| Ended half-centry war and inaugurated a relatively peaceful 40-year era in Italy |
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| Designed to prevent the aggrandizement of any one state at the expense of others |
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| Spanish won after attack of Rome in 1527 |
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| Machiavelli's ideas of politics discussing a princes attitude toward power that must be based on an gaining fear from the people. |
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| an intellectual movement based on the intellectual study of the classical literacy works of Greece and Rome |
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| Father of Italian Renaissance humanism |
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| a movement that became closely tied to civic spirit and pride |
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| a statesman and an intellectual |
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| Leonardo Bruni's "The New Cicero" |
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| waxed enthusiastic about the fusion of political action and literary creation in Cicero's life. |
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| wanted to purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to its proper position over the vernacular |
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| Dedicated his life to translation of Plato and exposition of the Platonic philosophies, known as Neoplatonism |
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| A product of Florentine intellectual environment teaching that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature, including the work of alchemy and magic, as well as theology and philosophy |
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| seeing divinity embodied in all aspects of nature and in heavenly bodies as well as earthly objects |
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| Oration on Dignity of Man |
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| diligent works of many philosophers of different backgrounds for the common "nuggets of truth" that Mirandela believed were all part of God's revolution to humanity |
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| purpose was to produce individual's who followed a path of virtue and wisdom and possessed the rhetorical skills with which to persuade others to do the same |
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| represents the beginning of modern analytical histographu |
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| Her bible was the first true book in the west produced from the printing press |
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| first masterpiece of early Renaissance art |
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| Circle of artists and scholars formed part of the court of the city's leading citizen, Lorenzo the Magnificent |
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| painting that possesses otherworldly qualities that is far removed from the realism that characterized the painting of the Early Renaissance |
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| Celebrated heroism in the triumph of Florentine's over the Milanese |
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| first dome, new type of architecture |
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| Final stage of Renaissance Art, dominated by Da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael |
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| Transformed the High Renaissance's preoccupation with idealization of nature, or the attempt to generalize from realistic portrayal to an ideal form. |
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| attempted to achieve an ideal beauty far surpassing human standards |
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| influenced by Neoplatonism, painted Sistine Chapel |
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| exalts beauty of human body and human power |
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| Northern Artistic Renaissance |
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| Realism in the North, gothic cathedrals with strained glass windows |
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imitated nature by empirical observation of visual reality and accurate portrayal of detail
Painted Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride |
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| absort most of what Italians could teach and brought it back to the North |
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| A 12-line poem set to music |
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| results of attempts that were made reestablish the centralized power of monarical governments |
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| created a base for later development of a strong French monarchy |
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| Skilled at extracting invome, which enhanced status for monarchy |
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| Ferdinand of Lancaster and Isabella of Castile |
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| 2 rulers who reorganized religions in spain |
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| Wealthiest landholders in empire by mid-15th century |
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| annexed principalities, took advantage of dissension among the Mongols to throw off their yoke by 1480 |
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| Ottomans destroyed by Zatine empire |
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| Disgusted with clerical corruption which led him to far-raging attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs and |
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| urged elimination of worldliness and corruption of clergy and attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic Church |
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