Term
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Definition
| This refers to the power of the federal government to override state laws that conflict with federal laws. It is found in the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution. Gibbons v. Ogden was a landmark case that influenced how we interpret the Supremacy Clause and this term. |
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Term
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Definition
| Government censorship before a certain expression has taken place or been published. This is used to prevent libelous material from being published and causing any harm or distress. For example, the government attempted to use this to prevent the Pentagon Papers from being published. |
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Term
| 57. Privileges and Immunities Clause |
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Definition
| This provision comes from Article IV Section 2 of the Constitution. It commands states to not treat their own citizens with special privileges, and to not discriminate against people from other states. The Supreme Court ruled Alaska's law that gave its own citizens work privileges unconstitutional based on this clause. |
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Term
| 58. Procedural Civil Liberty |
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Definition
| These are rules regarding how the government must act to ensure protection from improper government action. One example of this is reading accused criminals their rights to insure due process. This differs from rules that say what the government can or cannot do. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of federalism where the national government intervenes in state planning and decision-making. In this form, the national government provides the recipe, and the state government provides the ingredients. This stage of federalism was primarily practiced between 1963 and 1981. It is characterized by the distribution of categorical grants, which are given to states if they follow certain guidelines. |
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Term
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Definition
| A horse race (in relation to politics) is when a media outlet covers a political race by reporting who is winning rather than the issues and the candidates' platforms. It is more focused on statistics and polls (like a horse race) than what really matters in the race, the political issues at hand. It is done to get ratings, becuase more often than not, that's what sells, but it is not an effective news source becuase it's more focused on incomplete outcomes rather than the whole point of the race. |
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Term
| 212. Media requires a Communicator, a Receiver, and a Medium |
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Definition
| In media there are several links in the chain of information transmission, the first link is the communicator who first discovers/finds the story. Then, they transmit it to a medium who then broadcasts it to the receiver. What this really means in plain English is that the communicator is either someone on the scene or a reporter who transmits the information to a media outlet (in the case of TV, a particular station or show) who then interprets that information and presents it to the receiver: the public/audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a type of propaganda used to influence public opinion in favor of a political ideal or figure. It is usually associated with deception and can involve cherry picking. The military would be exemplifying this if they were to put out false information about the war in order to gain public approval of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the differences in the times that news is put together by newspapers, radio, and television. For instance, newspapers are usually printed at night and news on the radio is given out at basically any time. Reporters and publishers should be familiar with this in order to know the most opportune time to send out news. |
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Term
| 215. Does Reporter Bias Negate Informational Worth? |
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Definition
| False, mostly; this statement is not entirely true as long as the reporters are still giving factual information in their report. Even if the reporters let their opinion slide in, sometimes egregiously, that doesn't make the report completely worthless as long as they aren't bold-faced lying and are staying on the topic. In fact, it is probably a good thing to get some news from a different point of view now and then again to make sure you aren't always viewing an issue from one side. It may help you see the full picture. |
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