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| Repetition of a word in two different senses. e.g. If we do not hang together, we will hang separately. |
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| The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections. |
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| The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. e.g. One should eat to live, not live to eat. |
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| A person or character who makes a case for some controversial, even contentious, position. (Often despite controversy over the position). |
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| An elaborate statement justifying an apologist's position (therefore, usually justifying a controversial position). |
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| The direct address of an absent person or object as if they were able to reply. |
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| The omission of conjunctures between related clauses. |
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| One of four greater perspectives Aristotle explained could be used to generate material about any subject manner: greater or less, possible and impossible, past fact, and future fact. |
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| A test of reading ability that requires a person to fill in missing words in a text. |
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| One of the perspectives derived from Aristotle's topics, used to generate material. The six common topics are definition, division, comparison, relation, circumstances, and testimony. |
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A sentence in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause.
e.g. The dog and cat scurried away from the approaching car. |
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| In ancient Roman oratory, the part of speech in which the speaker or writer could offer proof or demonstration of the central idea |
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| The invention strategy, developed by Kenneth Burke, that invites a speaker or writer to create identities for the act, agent, attitude, scene, and purpose in a situation. |
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| The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener. |
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| The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided for by the overall context of the passage. |
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Repetition at the end of a clause a word at the beginning of a clause.
e.g. Blood hath brought blood. |
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A word or phrase adding characteristic to a person's name.
e.g. Alexander the Great |
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| Writing or speaking that implies the opposite of what is actually written or spoken. (Sarcasm, basically) |
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| In ancient Roman oratory, the part of speech in which the speaker provided background information on the topic. |
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A set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appear in a sentence or paragraph.
e.g. The dog ran, stumbled, and fell. |
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| An insertion (of material) that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence. |
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| The English translation of konnoi topoi, the four topics that Aristotle explained could be used to generate material about any topic. See also: basic topics. |
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A sentence with modifying elements included before the verb and/or compliment.
e.g. John, the tough one, the one who scoffed at any show of sentiment, got his mother flowers. |
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