Term
|
Definition
| The study of the relationship between society and language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who share social conventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conventions for use of language structures in particular social situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linguistic variables that are easily perceived by a speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a linguistic variable that is noticeable to the listener (same as salient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linguistic variable which is NOT noticeable to the listener |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation where speakers of 2 different varieties are able to understand one another's speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a language variety that is systematically different from another variety of the same language and spoken by a socially identifiable subgroup of some larger speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety of language spoken by the most powerful group in a community and generally held to be "correct" by prescriptive grammarians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety of language containing forms that are viewed pejoratively in the community; generally considered "incorrect" by prescriptive grammar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cover term used to refer to language used by a particular speech community; it merely implies that some set of sociolinguistic norms is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety of language associated with a particular social group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| informal or faddish usages of languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phonectic qualities of a language variety which identifies it to speakers of other varieties as different from their own |
|
|
Term
| variationist sociolinguistics |
|
Definition
| the branch of linguistics that seeks to explain the connection between social distinctions and linguistic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| language variation that is correlated with other factors (e.g. age, sex, or socioeconomic status) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of forms, any of which may be used to express the same function or meaning and the use of which cannot be expressed by a categorical rule (e.g. the th in brother, which cannot be pronounced in various ways) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a set of several possible forms that can be used to express the same function or meaning (e.g. each of the possible pronunciations of the variable th in brother is a variant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linguistic properties that may be correlated with structured variation (e.g. at te beginning of a word, before a vowel etc.) |
|
|
Term
| categorical rule (constraints) |
|
Definition
| a rule that applies every time its structural description is met |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rules or constraints that are not absolute (e.g. [r] is usually deleted after vowels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variation that occurs within the speech of an individual (e.g. sometimes I say often with the /t/ and sometimes without |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variation that occurs across individuals (e.g. some speakers have the voiceless labiovelar glide [upside down "w"] and some do not) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of regional differences in language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-mobile older rural males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a region with many dialects, the process by which certain features are lost and a more homogenous dialect emerges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a word whose pronunciation has become a stereotype for a speech community (e.g. Jamaicans say "mon" instead of "man) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meeting with speakers of other varieties or other languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systematic alternation between language systems in discourse |
|
|
Term
| situational code-switching |
|
Definition
| switching between languages for clearly identifiable reasons such as reporting the speech of another or when the topic of conversation switches from personal to business affairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap in the lexicon that result from technological innovation or contact with another culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dominant language in a code-switching language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a word from language x that is used in language y by bilinguals but does not become part of its vocabulary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a source of language change that involves adopting aspects of one language into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a language with many features from two different source languages (e.g. Michif) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety that arises as the native language of the children of members of a pidgin speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a language used for the primary purpose of communicating across speech communities whose members speak different languagesl usually the second language of all speakers involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety that emerges when pseakers of different languages are brought together in a stable situation requiring intergroup communicationl it has no native speakers and generally is considered to have a reduced grammatical system relative to a non-pidgin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the source of most of the lexical items for a language that arises through language contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tge reconstructed ancestor language that is hypothesized to be the source of all pidgens |
|
|
Term
| relexification hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the hypothesis that contact varieties of language are generated by using lexical items from one language and the grammatical system of another |
|
|
Term
| language bioprogram hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the hypothesis that similarities among creoles reflect universal properties of an innate biological program for language acquisition found in the mental makeup of every human being |
|
|
Term
| class (socio-economic status) |
|
Definition
| social distinctions in studies of industrialized societies (how people are ranked like upper class, middle, lower class etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social value attached to a linguistic variant considered to be the one used by the group holding the highest esteem in the community; frequently also believed to be the grammatically "correct" form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change over time can be revealed by comparing the speech of older and younger speakers at a single time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small group of people interact frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quality of a social network that indicates the degree to which social network connections are made on the basis of many different kinds of social relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety most closely approximating the one that is considered standard in a creole speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variety that shows the greatest number of differences from the standard language in a creole speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradient differences among basilects, acrolects, and mesolects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variety of characteristics that place it at a mid point along the continuum between the acrolect and the basilect in a creole speech community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the over- or under-use of variant as result of its prestige value |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which speakers believe that their own variety is not standard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a heredity social group that is prohibited from having contact with members of other castes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the preferred name for a particular ethnic group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socially stigmatized names for ethnic group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roles or occupations traditionally performed by only one sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prestige that is not part of a society's widely expressed and approved belief system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any social interaction or expression involving language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a discourse style designed to build and maintain relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a discourse style designed to communicate factual information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social situations in which the use of a particular language is restricted to certain environments (e.g. school) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the use of particular linguistic variants to indicate solidarity with a particular community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of individuals who come together for a shared purpose (and hence develop shared language practices) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the analysis of how utterances are structured in discourse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any circumstance that may involve the use of speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an identifiable type of discourse associated with a particular speech situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Setting, scene
participants
ends
act sequences
key
instrumentalities
norms
genres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| s speaker's knowledge of the linguistic and social rules or principles for language production or perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of linguistic structures that is associated with a particular speech situation; it may carry an association with a particular style |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the level of formality associated with a linguistic structure or set of structures classified along with a continuum from most informal to most formal |
|
|
Term
| ethnomethodology (conversation analysis) |
|
Definition
| a type of discourse analysis that focuses on the structural relationship between utterances in conversations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific type of utterance by one speaker is followed by a specific type by someone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the changeover between speakers' turns in a conversation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a style of turn-taking in a conversation where speaker turns overlap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the social position of a person in relation to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree of intimacy or similarity that one group or individual may feel for another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how an individual is addressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of address used for people who are close friends - from the french word tu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of address used for people who are not close friends - from the french word vous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between multiple varieties spoken by one speech community but with sharply distinct domains of use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the modification of speech patterns to match those of other participants in a discourse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs and feelings that an individual may have about a particular language variety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unsubstantiated beliefs about a language variety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| official policy with the goal of increasing or limiting the domain of use of a particular language or languages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a language with a preferred status bestowed by government legislation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the situation in which there are no more speakers of a particular language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contrast in some languages which indicates that the addressee is to be included in the interprestation of the first person plural morpheme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a contrast in some languages that indicates that the addressee is to be excluded in the interpretation of the first person plural morpheme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which speech communities are geographically isolated from other speech communities (e.g. island communities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which a speech community is isolated from other speakers of the same language (e.g. Quebec French is surrounded by English in North America) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a situation in which a speech community is socially isolated from other speech communities (e.g the case of African Nova Scotian English) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an involuntary group of people who share the same culture or descendants of such people who identify themselves and/or identified by others as belonging to the same involuntary group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assignation of speakers to defined categories and then correlate those categories with quantitative differences in linguistic behaviours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A questionnaire which the interviewers address several aspects of ethnic identity, organized into eight categories relevant to the definition of ethnicity. It is a means of classifying speakers according to their perceived degree of participation in their ethnic group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process in which the front lax vowels /I/ and /ε/ are variably shifted to phonetic realisations closer to [ε] and [æ] and the low front vowel /æ/ is variably retracted to [a] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which the interviewer creates a dialog in which vernacular may not be used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ways in which ethnic groups could position themselves: country of origin, region of origin, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of cultural phenomena from the insider’s perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analysis of cultural phenomena from the outsider’s perspective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process in which a vowel is added as an additional word-final |
|
|
