In the 1920 election, Harding and Coolidge “won in a landslide” and marked the beginning of the new, Republican dominance. 

 From the point of view of Republicans, some extension of government activity seemed acceptable. Harding's Secretary of Treasury, Mellon, engineered a tax that undercut the wartime Revenue Acts, benefiting wealthy individuals and corporations.

In 1924, Secretary of the Interior, Fall, was convicted of taking $300,000 in bribes and became the first cabinet officer in history to serve a prison sentence. This concerned the leasing of government oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming.

Winning the election as Harding's VP in the election of 1920, he was a mere counter to Harding's vivacious persona and was short-spoken, but because of his easily-relatable lifestyle, (like that of a middle-class, Protestant family) the public was confident enough to support his candidacy in the 1924 election following Harding's death. Coolidge would win by a landslide.

 In the transition from wartime to peacetime, the decade got off to a “bumpy” start. In the years following the war, prices jumped by a third. Federal efforts to cut prices, ineffectively rendered produced a recession. Unemployment reached 10% and foreign trade dropped dramatically. Wartime inflation was reversed. The recession was short, however, and was stimulated by an abundance of consumer products, particularly automobiles. This stabilized a friendship between business and government.

Defined as a system of labor relations that stressed management's responsibility for employees' well-being. At this time, the government did not supply pensions, but large corporations offered workers stock plans, health insurance, and old age pension plans. The employee's security was not the main motive, however. It placed the responsibility for economic welfare in the private sector to avoid government interference within labor issues.

Called by Harding, was attended by 9 nations interested in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. It was the first international conference held in the US and was conducted without the interference of the League of Nations. The result was the formation of 3 major treaties: Four Power Treaty, Five Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty. They were credited to preserving peace in the twenties and the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power in the war following. Goal was to restrain Japanese expansion in the waters of the Pacific.

An international treaty and a renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy. Concluded outside the League of Nations and remains in international law today.

Offered Germany substantial loans from American banks and a reduction in the amount of reparations owed to the allies. This strategy was a mere cycle that further benefitted the economy in the U.S. More than any other. If it were to slow down or stop, however, the entire international financial structure would collapse.

 The epitome of sexuality in the lower class. Decked out in a short skirt, rolled stockings, makeup and cigarette in hand, the flapper represented only a small majority of women.

 The first “talkie” film that introduced a new part of mass culture. Jazz emphasizes improvised notes and overall impromptu musical compositions. A synthesis of African-American music.

 Thanks to Babe Ruth, athletic figures emerged as the new celebrity. Baseball became the national pastime, but Blacks strictly heroized black players and whites, whites.

 He was the hero of the 1920’s, an aviator who made the first successful nonstop solo flight between New York and Paris, which took over 30 hours. He held the virtues of individualism, self-reliance, and hard work, symbolizing Americans’ desire to enjoy the benefits of modern industrialism without renouncing their traditional values. (680) 

 Anti-immigration sentiments (nativism) were gaining popularity as people flowed in. Many of these immigrants were Jewish or Catholics, and the Protestants opposed their numbers. Chinese and Japanese immigration had already been restricted in the past, but European restrictions had not met much success. The Red Scare (anti-communism) cause nativists to target southern and eastern Europeans. In 1924, the National Origins Act “reduced immigration until 1927 to 2 percent of each nationality’s representation in the 1890 census. (683)

 they were revived in the 1920’s to protect “native, white, Protestant supremacy.” They targeted Catholics and Jews now as well as blacks. They used arson, physical intimidation, and economic boycotts. It grew to 3 million members at the height of its popularity. (684)

1925ish; it had to do with the teaching of evolution in public schools. Tennessee had a law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools. John Scopes “broke” the law by teaching evolution in a public school science class. The case made it to the Supreme Court, which was what the evolutionists wanted so that the issue could be tested against the constitution. Scopes was found guilty, and the law was not overturned. The evolutionists lost, but the division between religion and science began. (class notes)

 it was an amendment to the constitution: no alcohol. It prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation, and distribution, but not the consumption. Its purpose was to get rid of saloons, which were a public place where alcohol was sold and drunk in public. The Volstead Act was the means of putting prohibition into affect (PJ 680). The results (PJ 680-82) were that soft drink companies were looking to fill that niche and alcohol-making went illegal and underground with organized crime. Discontent with prohibition grew and the amendment was repealed. The argument over prohibition was between the “Whets” and the “Dries.” (class notes)

 the African-American community in Harlem in the 1920’s created a new cultural spot, which attracted talented writers and artists. They championed racial pride and cultural identity. Publishers supported them till the depression. Later, these writers would inspire people in the civil rights movement. (690-691)

He led the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and urged Africans to return to Africa, claiming that they would never be treated right by the whites. He envisioned a strong Africa that would protect blacks everywhere. (691) 

 The democrats were split up between the urban machines and the rural wing. They nominated Alfred E. Smith from New York, who appealed to the urban workers, but he alienated many voters, especially with his views on prohibition. And he was catholic. But he embodied the new, racially and culturally accepting America. Hoover ran for the Republicans, his platform being more progressive and relief-oriented than Smith’s. Hoover won. (691-92)

After 1927 consumer spending declined and housing construction slowed. Manufacturers began to cut back production and lay off workers in 1928. The market steadily rose throughout the 20’s but in 28 and 29 the prices surged forward rising an average of 40%. People participated in Margin buying, in which customers were encouraged to buy stocks with a small down payment and finance the rest with broker loan. On “Black Thursday” and “Black Tuesday,” more than 28 million shares change hands in frantic trading. Investors found themselves heavily in debt and began selling their portfolios, which was called panic selling. Banks failured because people couldn’t pay back their loans (they couldn’t sell their shares). Thus, people lost all their life savings and a wave of panic hit. The crash is said to be the main cause of the Great Depression.

1930; the great depression of America effected world markets, causing a loss of international trade and restricted trade within the borders of America. The makers of this tariff wanted to protect the American Market. Rates rose to an all time high. It contributed to the isolation of America in European Affairs.

The Great Depression damaged the pride of Americans and their strong individuality and success that defined the 1920’s. People were ashamed and humiliated of applying for relief or going out on the streets. It seems like most people would have blamed the government or the banks, but the majority blamed themselves for their depression. Despair and apathy was the mood rather than anger. They blamed themselves rather than the system.

 He was an actor, immigrated from Italy, who personified the possibilities for success that the United States offered. He was a spokesman of idealism. He was a small town hero in his films. The hero usually won, he was realistic enough to suggest that the victory was not necessarily permanent and that the problems the nation experiences were serious.

 1930-41; It was a decline in agriculture and was another cause of the depression. The drought was in the states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, and Kansas. It was the worst drought in American history. Farmers had pushed the farming frontier beyond its natural limits (by over turning the dirt) for the high demand for wheat in WWI. These methods destroyed the ecological balance of the plains. Because there was no rain, when the winds came, there was nothing to hold the soil to the ground – thus the dust storms. There was a mass exodus of the area. The general term for the people leaving was “Oakies.” Many of them went to California, settled in the valley area, and created a different type of agriculture. Californian agriculture was more like a business than privately owned land. Grapes of Wrath was a book about a farming family who’s house was foreclosed, who watched their home destroyed and set out for opportunity. But not all oakies were destitute like in the book. 

 There was still heavy prejudice against blacks in the south at this time. Two white women claimed that they had been raped by a gang of 9 black youths. The women’s sorties contained many inconsistencies and one later confessed it wasn’t true. The men were found guilty by a council of all white men and 8 were sentenced to death (the other being to young to sentence to death and sent to prison). The Supreme Court overturned the sentences in 1932 saying that the men didn’t have a fair trial.

Filipinos were more prosperous than the Chinese and Japanese because the Philippines were a US territory. Immigrants fled over to America between the  1920’s to 30’s. During the depression, the majority of agricultural workers were Filipinos. During the depression racial prejudice and competition for jobs caused many to demand restriction on immigration. The act granted independence to the Philippines, classified all Filipino in the United States as aliens, and restricted immigration to 50 people per year. 

1932; First federal institution created to intervene directly in the economy during peacetime. Would provide federal loans to railroads, financial institutions, banks, and insurance companies in a strategy that has been called pump priming. Hoped in creating businesses, the money would trickle down to the rest of the economy in providing jobs and increasing consumer spending

Lent money too cautiously to make a difference. Symbolized that when voluntary organizations failed, the government could step in and try to help

 raised US tax rates across the board, with the rate on top incomes rising from 25 percent to 63 percent. The estate tax was doubled and corporate taxes were raised by almost 15 percent.

Places where people lived in shacks or packing crates, using News papers for blankets. Hoover had become the symbol of the depression. Everyone started pointing a finger at him.

 Veterans from WWI marched to Washington to demand their bonus payment for the war which wasn’t due until 1945. They said that they were once heroes and are now living on the streets like hobos. Hoover brought in the army to clear out the camping veterans in front of the white house (ironic) the camps were burned to the ground (after everyone was out of course). Hoover’s popularity plunged even lower.

Democrats turned to Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt; Republicans nominate Hoover again. Roosevelt won easily, thanks to Hoover’s unpopular term. Americans stayed firm to the two party systems, even through an economic relapse. This election started the democratic dominance over American politics for 4 more decades. Map on p. 718 gives a good perspective. 

 Roosevelt brought the presidency to the people by doing radio broadcasts, fostering a personal identification with the people. (722)

 a group of advisors that president/candidates sometimes have. Roosevelt had one in 1932. They never met as a group, instead they gave him individual advice.

during the first months of Roosevelt’s administration, Congress allowed lots of legislation to pass through for the New Deal. For the banking problem, they established the FDIC, which gave bank insurance, halting the panic of people pulling out all their money from the banks. Agriculture- the AAA made the government pay farmers not to grow crops in some cases to inflate food prices. This was good for the farmers. Business recovery- based on regulation- NIRA/IRA- tons of regulations for recovery of business including price floors, which established minimum prices to cause inflation. The New Deal included these things, even though a lot of Roosevelt’s rhetoric was anti-big-business. The Hundred days also gave environmental relief and established environmental projects. (724, class notes)

 (726) President Roosevelt’s National Recovery Administration (NRA), established a system of industrial self-government to handle the issues of overproduction, cutthroat competition, and price instability that were causing businesses to fail. Such regulation did not operate as smoothly as the President and his supporters had hoped. In the end, large companies had the most say in the code-drafting, laborers had little input, and consumer interests were insignificant. The NRA’s final struggle to maintain itself was to promote a patriotic appeal, asking loyal firms to display the NRA Blue Eagle in their windows and campaigning with the slogan “We Do Our Part.” To the dismay of the Administration, on May 27, 1935, the anti-New Deal Supreme Court was locked in a case against the NRA. The Schechter Poultry Corporation had allegedly broken the Live Poultry Code, which was established by the NRA and fixed the maximum number of hours a poultry employee could work, set a minimum wage for poultry employees, and banned unfair competition. The U.S. government charged Schechter with violating the poultry code on several levels, including avoiding inspections and selling diseased chickens. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the President did not have the constitutional authority to write the code; also, it ruled that the NRA had been illegally regulating interstate commerce, a job reserved by the Constitution for state governments. In Schechter v. United States, the NRA was condemned as an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the President.

(726) He thought the New Deal was not taking enough action. He was a doctor from Long Beach who proposed the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan (1933) which would give $200/month to citizens over 60. Most elderly Americans did not have pension plans and would lose their savings in bank failures. This would help because it would encourage elderly to retire, thus opening up more job positions. This led to the enactment of the Social Security Act of 1935, which was less ambitious.

(726) He was a priest in Detroit who held a radio show (1933). He challenged Roosevelt’s decisions in refusing to support the nationalization of the banking system and expansion of the money supply. Coughlin’s solution was inflation, which hearkened back to the Populist era. In 1935 he organized the Nation Union for Social Justice which advocated his views against Roosevelt’s. He was not qualified to run for president, but he was wildly popular.

(726) AKA “the Kingfish,” Long was a Senator and governor of Louisiana. He was the biggest threat to Roosevelt, and he broke with the New Deal in 1934 saying that the reforms were not radical enough. He established his own movement, the Share Our Wealth Society. He argued that the main cause of depression was the unequal distribution of wealth in the US, and advocated a 100% tax on all incomes over $1 million and all inheritances over $5 million, giving that money to the rest of the population. The combination of Townsend, Coughlin, and Long threatened to become a huge coalition against Roosevelt. 

(730) Roosevelt was becoming increasingly worried because of the Supreme Court’s overruling of many of his actions. To help himself, he proposed the addition of one new justice for each justice over 70; this was a secret plan to “pack” the court with New Deal supporters. The Court saw through his plan and blocked the proposal, which threatened the principle of separation of powers. Nevertheless, over time Roosevelt was still able to appoint more New Dealers into the Court.

 (731) From 1933-37, the economy had made steady progress, and Roosevelt was very confident. He decided to cut the federal budget in 1937, reducing the WPA’s funding by half, causing layoffs. The Federal Reserve feared inflation and tightened credit, causing a sharp drop in the stock market. This caused the Roosevelt Recession of 1937-38. Roosevelt immediately gave huge sums of money to the WPA and resumed public works projects, lifting the recession within a year.

 (732) During the 1930s, the labor movement grew dramatically and involvement in unions tripled. The resulted in part from the rise of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). The CIO promoted industrial unionism—organizing all the workers in an industry into one union. The CIO was highly supported by the Communist Party, which called for a “popular front” against fascist threats to civil rights, organized labor, and world peace. The CIO was highly successful due to its recognition that unions must be more inclusive in order to succeed, and it encouraged racial justice. The CIO supported the Democratic Party, hoping for the election of candidates sympathetic to labor and social justice; it formed the Labor’s Nonpartisan League, giving money to the Democratic campaigns, and supporting Roosevelt’s plan to reorganize the Supreme Court.

 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlin from Britain tried to use the technique of appeasement when dealing with Hitler and his desire for gaining territory. France and Britain decided to let Hitler do what he wanted instead of risking war. Germany eventually withdrew from the League of Nations, rearmed the nation against the treaty of Versailles, reoccupied the Rhineland, and created a treaty with Mussolini. (pg. 750).

This act imposed an embargo on the arms trading with any country at war. I t also said that American citizens that traveled on ships of nations at war travel at their own risk.

 Through his act, Congress banned loans to belligerent nations

in this act, the “cash and carry” provision was adopted which said that if a country at war wanted to purchase nonmilitary supplies from the US, they had to pay for them in cash and pick them up with their own boats. (pg. 751)

 This was formed of isolationists, like Charles Lindbergh, who wanted to keep America out of WWII. Newspapers and conservative publications joined in this cause. (pg. 752)

 This act was Roosevelt trying to increase aid to Britain during the war. This act said that the president could “lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of” arms and equipment whose defense was defined as vital to the security of America. This help was extended to Britain and the Soviet Union.

(pg. 753)

was assembled by Roosevelt and Churchill, was a press release that gave the ideological foundation of the Western Cause and of the peace to follow after the war. The charter wanted economic collaboration and political stability to help every nation out. The charter supported collective security, free trade, and national self determination.  (pg. 753)

 On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. This attack killed more than 2,400 Americans. This attack ultimately pushed America into WWII. (pg. 754)

 This act was created to help finance WWII. It continued an income tax reform that started during WWI by taxing the wealthy, corporations, and the average individuals as well. This was a max taxation system on almost every American citizen. It became a way for Americans to be patriotic and support the war. Tax collections, through this act, rose from $2.2 billion to $35.1 billion. (pg. 755)

 The Office of Price Administration was one of the many wartime agencies that extended the overall power and influence of the federal government. This group supervised the domestic economy during the war, trying to keep inflation down. The OPA also had the power to freeze prices and rents. The Anti-Inflation Act, which tried to stop people from finding loopholes in the system, set fixed prices, wages, and salaries. (pg. 755)

 The War Production Board was the most important wartime agency during WWII. This agency gave defense contracts, evaluated military and civilian requests for resources, and facilitated the conversion from industry to military production. The agency gave tax write-offs for plant construction and approved contracts with cost-plus provisions. This said that these new businesses could keep the factories after the war and have a profit from them. The WPB mainly worked with major corporations which later formed the military-industrial complex of years after WWII.  (pg. 755)

 a West coast shipbuilder who integrated mass production techniques from the automobile industry and integrated them into the shipbuilding industry. This ultimately cut the building time of a ship from 300 days to 17 days. This mass production at this large scale gave the economy a major boost, doubling it. (pg. 755)

Government propaganda urged woman to join the workforce in the war times. Woman gave up their woman’s jobs to become riveters, welders, and drill press operators. Propaganda, such as the famous Rosie the Riveter, urged woman to get a war job. The government said the women were just filling in while the men were away, earning dramatically less salary. At the end of the war, woman lost a lot of jobs in the workplace, but participation in the workforce slowly but surely bounced back for woman. (pg. 759)

 In 1944, the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rights, gave education, job training, medical care, pensions, and mortgage loans for men and women who had served in the army during WWII. This program was highly effective in the lives of veterans. It made higher education more easily attainable. (pg. 762)

was the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, a black union, which planned a march on Washington in 1941. Roosevelt didn’t want the embarrassment of a public protest, so he created Executive Order 8802 which stated that there should be no discrimination of the workers in defense industries. Randolph, in response to this order, cancelled his protest. (pg. 760)

 (765) (confinement) During WWI, America interned Japanese Americans to the West Coast, where racism against Japanese and Chinese was already high and Americans feared the West Coast’s vulnerability would spur a Japanese attack. In 1942, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, giving the War Department the authority to evacuate Japanese Americans and intern them at relocation camps during the war. Although no Japanese Americans had ever harmed the American government, all were sent to internment camps in California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, and Arkansas. This created a great drop in laborers for farms.

 (767) (1944) This was one case in a series of three Supreme Court cases that dealt with curfews and other discriminatory treatment of the Japanese related to relocation. The Court legitimated internment without expressly ruling on its constitutionality.  

(769) This was a city in the Soviet Union (one of the Allies). In the winter of 1942-43, the Germans attacked the Soviets at Stalingrad, where they were thwarted and Stalin’s forces drove the Germans out of the Soviet Union. This battle was a turning point of the war in Europe.

 (769) AKA “Desert Fox”; the German unit in North Africa, Africa Korps, was led by Rommel. His unit was defeated by the Allied troops in 1943 under Gen. Eisenhower and Gen. Patton. He was also the commander of the German forces at the invasion on Normandy.

p. 769 Allied General who along with General Dwight Eisenhower  defeated Germany’s Afrika Korps in North Africa. This and the battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the war, Allies continued their assault on Sicily and the Italian peninsula, then in July 1943 Mussolini fell, and Italy’s new government joined the allies.

 p .770 commander of Allied troops at D-day

 p.770; almost 150,000 Allied troops crossed the English channel to liberate Paris. They landed on the beaches of Normandy on June 6, 1944.

 p.770; December 1944; It was the Germans’ last offensive against allies, named because their advance made a large balloon in the Allied line on war maps. The Allies pushed Germans back across the Rhine river after 10 days of fighting. Americans and British kept pushing west toward Berlin, while Soviet Troops come from the east (they reach Berlin first). On April 30 Hitler commits suicide in his bunker, so Germany surrenders May 8^th, 1945, the date known as V-E (Victory in Europe) day.

p.770; it was Hitler’s final solution of the Jewish question. 6 million Jews were killed in concentration camps, as well as 6 million homos, Slavs, Gypsies, and undersirables. As early as 1935 germany passed Nuremburg laws which discriminated against Jews; the US was criticized for not taking in more Jewish refugees in the years before the war.

 p.770?; May7-8, 1942; American naval forces halted Japanese offensive against Austrailia. It was the first major sea battle, fought mostly by planes from aircraft carriers.

 p.771; Americans inflicted crucial damage to Japanese fleet near the island of Midway, dropping bombs from planes loaded with bombs on deck.

p. 771; Generals in change of the American military after the battle of Midway who took offensive in the Pacific, devising plan of taking strategic islands closer and closer to Japan, including Iwo-Jima and Okinawa.

 p.772; two islands of the coast of Japan, America wanted them to serve as bases for American Fighter Planes. They were deadly battles Iwo- 6000 marines dead, almost all 21,000 Japanese; Okinawa -7600  marines dead, Japanese fought fiercely and to the last man. These lead America to predict millions of casualties in the upcoming invasion of Japan.

 p. 773; Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met in 1945 and discussed post war arrangements. Roosevelt focused on the Allies unity after the war. They didn’t reach a solid agreement dealing with the expansion of Russian territory, but agreed they would divide Germany into four zones.

p.775; it was the project assigned to developing the atomic bomb, costing 2 billion, and employing 120,000. The first test date was July 1945.

 p.775; these were the Japanese cities that were hit by the atomic bombs. 100,000 died at Hiroshima; 60,000 died at Nagasaki; tens of thousands more died of radiation poisoning. It pushed the Japanese to surrender and was ordered by president Truman.