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-5000bc, denmark - many graves of an indiputably symbolic nature --decorative items such as clothes, ppl framed by deer antler, males with rocks on pelvis -first evidence of warfare
-- parry fractures, arrows in backs, linear depressions -male, fem, and kid buried in one grave, w weapons in body (evidence of nuclear fam) -graves were used for long time --indicative of teritoriality |
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what do the arrows imbedded in the backs of women tell us? |
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-from graves at vaedbak, denmark -they tell us that groups were trying to kill each other totally |
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-ireland -stone huts located on an estuary -presence of small storage pits means ppl get food all year round, arent storing alot -animals hunted were mostly solitary aka elk, fallow deer - presence of fish and bird -- bc they were exploiting a wide range of food sources, the more likely their pop would grow |
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- site in england - probably seasonal - was on the edge of lake, lake flooded, everything preserved -- fishing equipment, 2 kinds GORGE, and LEISTER took much energy means ppl putting energy into fishing |
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a piece of fishing equipment small sliver of bone, string attatched in center when fisherman pulls on a swallowed gorge it flips upwards and sticks in throat labor intensive lots found at STARR CARR |
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type of fishing equip found at STARR CARR two pieces of antler lashed together at the end of a pole like a crab claw LABOR INTENSIVE |
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- thought cave art was made by ancient children -- to test, he surveyed handprints at art sites and found that MOST were made by kids - thinks its kids showing off support? most art is DEEP underground, and far in cave no one will see it, it proves you did something scary also, most of the footprints at these sites are kids |
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what is the difference between steppe and savannah grasses? |
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- STEPPE grasses put their energy into SEED production -- bc their major threat is COLD - SAVANNAH grass puts energy into TUBER production -- bc their major threat is FIRE |
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describe the risk associated with life on the STEPPES |
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- steppe grasses = suceptible to cold -- remember, temps fluctuated ALOT back then -- this means they had uneven survival rates - bc steppe animals relied on the unpredictable steppe grasses, they were unreliable -- this made animal resources for steppe humans unpredictable how to solve this problem? alliance networks -- lessen risk by dispersing it through a large pop |
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what is the association between cave art, alliance networks, and climate change? |
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art helps ppl communicate -- art is found in high correlation w spears/projectile weapons -- presence of spears indicates a gathering of ppl art probably helped ppl maintain alliance networks alliance networks were necessary bc climate variability made game unpredictable support? when europe thaws ppl stop doing cave art in other words, once food sources stabilized, alliance networks were no longer necessary, and so art was no longer necessary |
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ways of distributing yourself in relation to resources |
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-also known as foragers/foraging strat - ppl move their entire group to a food source en masse - not territorial - cost; lower pop |
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- a mobility strat - you move food to ppl also known as logistical mobility - have main camp - go to nearby resources and bring them back in concentrated form - only so many good base camp sites = TERRITORIAL - cost= transporting food and territoriality -benefit= larger population |
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what are the costs and beneifts of agriculture? |
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COSTS - territoriality - need to expand bc of increased pop size - encourages a less diverse diet, which is an unsustainable strat BENEFITS - increased repro success |
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what are the costs/benefits of a foraging strat? |
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COSTS - less repro success BENEFITS - more diverse diet, more stable - no territoriality |
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- isreal - many dif occupations - 10-20kya - why is this site important? -- shows PPL STILL MOBILE - kabaran microliths indicate mobility |
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- found at ein gev and jericho - indicate mobility -- they break easy but cheap to make -- most efficient way to carry a cutting edge aka LIGHT WEIGHT and DISPOSABLE |
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- isreal - first site known where ppl shift to collector strat - evidence for arrows - evidence for collect strat? -- heavy, hard to make, grinding stones for seeds -- storage pits, also doubled as graves -- remains of rodent/bird species that live w humans in longterm settlements |
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why are arrows important? |
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- better hunting tech than spears - make hunting less dangerous - NICH BROADENIGN |
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- isreali rodent specialist - found 3 species that predict year round human habitation black rat house mouse house sparrow |
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- isreali village - on fertile land called an alluvial fan - possibly a site of very early domestication of plants |
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period of unusual climatic stability agricult first shows up 12.5 kya dogs first show up |
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- isreal - one of the oldest places to be continually inhabited by ppl - neolithic ppl did extensive trading - cereals were an important food source - wall of trash and bricks 70 ft high accumulated - a tower, a wall, and a trench were found -- wall and ditch were probably dykes, channeling water -- tower was possibly a site of religious/cult ceremonies |
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