Palace of Minos, Crete (reconstruction drawing) c. 1700-1400

• New Palace(rebuilt after destruction)
• At Knossos
• Bronze Age
• Evans
• Built with multi levels, column, courtyards, painted; not a fortified city
• Myth of king minos the minutar

• Wrote the Illiad and odessey
• Epic Poet
• Estimated in 850 BC or closer to the trojan war
• IN bronze age

• Founder of the modern study of the Aegean civilization
• Son of an impoverished German Minister
• self educated Polygot
• Inspired by greek poet homer; became archeologist after retirement
• Found the Hissarlik site

• Possibly uncovered the palace of minos
• led an excavation of Knossos between 1990-1905
• Attempted to put minion art in chronological order; later refined by others

            Lion Gate, Mycenae   c. 1300

• Bronze Age
• main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae, southern Greece.
• northwest side of the acropolis
• The Lion Gate is the sole surviving monumental piece of Mycenaean sculpture,^[2] as well as the largest sculpture in the prehistoric Aegean.^[3]
• 1876 Heinrich Schliemann,
• • Monumental entrance to citadel; influenced by Minoan column with two lionesses;

Inlaid Dagger, Mycenae c. 1300

• 1876 Heinrich Schliemann
• warrior chieftains and their families were buried here
• Depict lion hunt
• Attested to wealth of Mycean Elite
• Gold engravings
• • Homer influenced (reflects bronze age)

Funerary Krater from Dipylon c. 740

• Dead laid out on the funeral pair, animals underneath him.

  The lower register shows warriors, horses and chariots. The dead man was probably a warrior.

  This krater was large and a funeral marker.

  Probably an important man.

• • Used as an urn and funerary marker; perforated bottom to offer wine for the dead
  • Imagery is related to death, athletic conquests, war
  • Every inch decorated

1600-1200

• Fortified cities imagery of warfare, weaponry
• Centered on City of Mycenae in Greece
• Dominate the later part of bronze age

bronze (Minoan & Mycenan); Dark; Geometric; Orientalizing; Archaic; classical; late classical; hellenistic

BD-GO-AC-LH

Olpe from Corinth c. 625

·      Vessel or vase (olpe) from Corinth

·      No every inch of space used; most covered though

·      Smaller than Kraters

·      Reflects interaction between Greece and other areas; lots of curved lines

Lord Elgin bribed local Ottoman authorities into permitting the removal of about half of the Parthenon frieze, fifteen metopes, and seventeen pedimental fragments, in addition to a caryatid and a column from the Erechtheion.

(Thomas Bruce): worked as Turkish embassador and get permission supposedly to go draw the Parthenon and take down metopes and frieze and ends up in the British museum; This has been protested till present day, the greeks wanting the metopes to be brought back; British argue that they saved them and have the means to take care of them, Athens now has the acropolis museum with very few pieces

GEOMETRIC AND ORIENTALIZING

Sculpture is small scale at this point- one in question is depicting the early myth of a centaur possibly be in battle with someone of fame; geometric (Greece emerges from dar period and has to start new)

ARCHAIC

New York Kouros c. 600       

·      Limbs cut away

·      Nude; shows natural state

·      Kouros means youth; refers to these statues that are always male youth; they are used for funerary temple

·      Large head and out of proportion

ARCHAIC

• Anavysos(The place found) Kouros (Kroisos) c. 530

  ·      Stop and grieve at the grave of Kroisos (look up rest of grave marker)

  ·      More realistic than the New York Kouros

  ·      Also cut away

  ·      Has “archaic smile”; Trying to make the realistic muth and tucked corners up making a smile

• Used for specific person (Kroisos); more realistic newer kouros

ARCHAIC

Peplos Kore c. 530

·      Female version of the kouros; also funerary

·      Kore always clothed

·      Her hand broken off

·      Wearing a peplos, a garnment

·      Like male has the patterned hair and “smile”

·      WAS painted

ARCHAIC

Temple of Artemis(person), Corfu  (west pediment --Gorgon Medusa) c. 600

·      Artemis- greek goddess of the hunt; her brother is Apollo (twins)

·      Reconstruction drawing; Much of it lost

·      Show smaller reclining dying warriors; done because of lack of space

·      Not a narravtive of the Persues/Medusa story; there are lions and her head is still there

·      Shows Pegeseus and Persayer under her arms

·      This is an iconic image

·      Apotropaic device- taking something evil and bad and taking that power to ward off evil and harm; functions to protect the temple of the Goddess

·      Wears a belt of snakes; running pose suggested power and movement; has the archaic smile and patterned hair

·      She doesn’t really look like a woman……

ARCHAIC

Vase showing story of Perseus and Medusa(STORY)

-Perseus grandfather hears that one of his grandchildren will kill him so forbids his mother from marrying; She conceives Perseus through Zeus; they are put in a box and thrown into the sea (saved by a fisherman); the king of that island wants to marry Perseus’s mother but needs to kill Perseus so he tricks him into seeking out Medusa and killing her; The Gods Hermes and Athena; Medusa can be killed her two sisters are immortal (Gorgon sisters); When he kills her the other two wake up and chase him; Pegesus and Persayer are born from Medusa’s dead body; After he gets the head he flies off with it to Ethiopia and fins Andromeda chained to be sacrificed and saves her; Goes back to Polydictis (Horrible King) and pulls head out and turns the banquet hall people to stone; Gives Medusa’s head to Athena who wears it on a chest plate

-Doric Order: earliest of the two forms; Has fluted columns and the capital is simple; lintel area is an entablature which contained triglyph and metope

[image]

-Ionic order: Same three courses on stylobate; now has a fancier volute; more detailed entablature without metope and triglyph (lends better to myths)

 ARCHAIC

Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi (Reconstruction Drawing) c. 530

·      Treasuries built for things that belonged to the God from the temple

                        Battle Between the Gods and the Giants (north frieze detail)

·      Has two front porches with two karyotids (Female sculptures); small building

·      Site if sacred to the God Apollo, site of his Oracle; he has a battle with a serpent for this site; tripod starts to become a symbol for Delphi; His oracle, Pythia sites on the tripod

·      Had caryotid columns( colums depicting women)

·      Siphnians constructed this on Delphi for status since many people of the Greek world would see it since Delphi housed the oracle; Siphnos is a secluded island

Battle of Gods and Giants (North frieze on the treasury) [Gigantomacy]

      Show that the Gods beat the giants despite them being tough opponents; represents greek identity or order over chaos; date was 525 bc, helps to do relative dating for other pieces also was an artistic advance

ARCHAIC

Vase painting: painted with slip and color is brought out through firing in the Kiln

Black figure-Came before red;  figure comes out of the kiln black; silouhetted figures; limited; female skin shown white; details are gained through the carving of the slip

Red Figure- the reverse; the background would be painted black and details painted on

ARCHAIC

Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game, BF amphora by Exekias (the artist)c. 540

·      Potters and painters signed their works to become famous

·      First side shown in black figure

·      Achilles and ajax are greek warrior from Trojan war (illiad)

·      Depiction is not one that is described anywhere- Exekias possibly had acsess to the story that is now lost

·      Trojan war lasted 10 years; represents the Trojan war; the story on the vase may not have ever happened

·      Achilles is the best greek warrior and wears a helmet

ARCHAIC

Son of Zues; named after Hera (Zues’s wife; not his mother); Hera tries to kill him and sends him on a fit of madness and he kills his wife and children; he seeks forgiveness and goes to an oracle who tells him to go to his cousin Uretheus who sends him on12 tasks meant to kill him; order varies

ARCHAIC

*Herakles and Cerberus, BF Amphora c. 530

                        -Cerberus- hound of hades; two heads or three

·      Shows Herakles bringing the Cerberus back to his cousin

·      Uses white to make the vase more detailed

·      Represents conquering death

ARCHAIC

Death of Sarpedon, RF krater by Euphronios (the artist) c.510

·      Sarpedon is also a son of Zeus from the Trojan war; comes to the aid of the Trojans

·      Petroclus kills sarpedon before being killed by Hector; Zeus sends Apollo in the Illiad to save the body

·      In this vase on the left is Hypnos (Sleep) and on the right is Thanatos (Death) and hermes is in the middle (guides the death to hades); Sleep and death are dressed as warriors with wings- shown carrying Sarpedon off; Hermes is intermediary to the underworld; Shows Sarpedon naked to represent the heroic male nude form

·      There is overlapping (forground and background); shows for-shortening in the legs of Sarpedon

·      Musculature shows in detail

Urphroneus Krater attained by the Metropoltian in shady circumstances and gave it back to Italy in 2006-2008 in exchange for borrowing a lesser piece

CLASSICAL

*Atlas Bringing Herakles the Apples of the Hesperides, metope from the Temple of Zeus, Olympia  c.470

·      Cult site to Zeus

·      Indivdiual city states

·      Doric temple

·      Gold and Ivory Zeus statue used to be there but was destroyed

·      Listen to info in this

·      Metope from the temple of Zeus at Olympia

·      Herkales is receiving apples from atlas and being guided by athena

CLASSICAL

Warrior A from Riace  c.460- bronze

·      Found also in the ocean next to another soldier

·      Has a lot of exterior corrosion and investment still in it

·      Eyes and lips inlaid with another material

·      Originally a bronze cast statue; know because of writing; this is a roman marble copy

·      Most bronze statues although very popular at the time are gone now so theyre rare; hollow

·      Made it Hollow so that it is less expensive

CLASSICAL

*Zeus from Cape Artemision  c.460

·      Made out of bronze; not as heavy and less breakage

·      Very few bronze sculpture

·      Not many statues in bronze because many statues were melted down during chaotic times

·      Found in the sea

·      Sometimes thought to be Posiden throwing his

·      Made it Hollow so that it is less expensive

CLASSICAL

*Diskobolos (Discus Thrower) by Myron (Artist)c.450

·      Roman copy; celebrate athletics; passive face for throwing the discus

·      Idea of increasing movement but its still in the tense passive classical style

CLASSICAL

Doryphorus (Spear Bearer) by Polykleitos (Artist) c.450

·      Considered the apex of this period; artist wrote the canon of proptions

·      Polyk.  Wrote on the science of art and proportions

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

Parthenon and plan (Iktinos and Kallikrates), Athens  447-438

Athena Parthenos by Phidias (model, Toronto)

o   In Athens

o   GO back and listen to Greek Persian war

§  Battle of Marathon 490

§  Athens saked 480

§  Delian League

§  Battle of Saints (defeat of Persians)

§  Rise of Perikles

§  Rebuilding of the Acropolis

·      Showcased Athens role in greek/Persian war

Perkiles (Pericles) 462 bc

-       Look up more

-       Envisions glorious Athens beating the Persians

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

Acroplos and Parthenon- built by Perikles; new designed by Phidias

-       Destroyed

-       Look up complex and pic

-       Old temple of Athena destroyed

-       Parthenon (look up layout) built after destruction by Perikles

-       Expanded

-        Iktinos and Kallikrates- architects of the Parthenon; well known

-       Sculptures of the Parthenon once painted; Parthenon now mostly destroyed

-       Was once a church; 17^th century it was under control of the Turkish (when it was destroyed)

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

-       House the cult statue, by Phidias (Athena Parthenos)

o   38ft tall; wodden core; gold and ivory (Chryselephantine); hold a nike (winged victory) on her hand and wears a winged helmet

o   Base has story of birth of Pandora, Sandals have Centauromachy (machy means battles), and Sheild has amazonomachy

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

o   92 metopes outermost, the pediment, interior frieze that goes all the way around

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  Birth of Athena (east pediment)

·      Shows Athena’s birth with other Gods and goddesses arranged down the pediment

·      Chariot of horses entering and leaving

 (goddess of wisdom and indicates shes the favorite daughter): When (look up name) hits zeus in the head with an axe Athena fully grown springs out of his forehead; associated with war

o   Presented as an armed female; holds owl and wears gorgon on her chest and has serpents on her clock with helmet and spear

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  West Pediment: Contest with Posiedon

·      Athena plants olive tree and posiedon brings salt spring to Zeus; Olive tree makes olive oil which is used for bathing rituals, cooking, etc; Athena wins

·      Jacque Pierre drew what was left off both pediments

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  SOUTH Lapith Fighting a Centaur (metope)- Story of a greeks family, lapiths

·      Look up who invites many people including centaurs to wedding; drank straight wine got drunk and started taking the women; were defeated by lapiths:  AMAZONIONS, GIANTS, and CENTAURS LOOKED AT AS UNCIVILIZED AND ENEMIES OF THE GODS (so were Trojans)

·       One lapith and one centaur shown at a time

·      Centaurs shown winning to show Greeks defeating a powerful enemy and show them to be uncivilized; shows motion; Project from the metope

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  WEST Amazonomachy- battle between greeks and amazonion women

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  EAST Gigantomachy- Fight of the giants

CLASSICAL(parthenos)

§  Freize the Panatheniac Procession

·      Not very well seen; similar to the sculpture of Egypt having symbolic purpose

·      Every 4 yrs. Had Olympic like festival on Athens centered around Athena; Received amphora with image of Athena filled with olive oil from sacred olive tree of Athena; included sports as well as contests of artistry

·      Frieze depicts the recession of the festival; includes horses and riders, carriers, cattle and sheep for sacrifices, women, musicians, heros kings of Athens, Gods and Goddesses

·      Ex: the horseman; horses and chariots and chariot drivers, costumed figures

·      Central scene: Peplos scene

o   Gods and Goddesses of Greece

o   Has Hermes, then Dionysis, Demeter, Ares, Hera (Zeus’s Queen), and then last Zeus

o   Other side Athena, Hephaestus, Posideon, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Heros (or cupid) (image of Posideon, Apollo and Artemis)

CLASSICAL

Artemis and Apollo slaying the children of Niobe, RF krater  c.450

-       Red figure krater; Apollo and Artemis kills Niobe’s children after boasting about how many children shes had compared to their mother

-       Figures look like their floating

-       Punish excessive pride

LATE CLASSICAL

Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles  (the artist)c.350

-       Knidos is an island

-       Roman Copy

-       First Known female nude

-       Shown getting ready for a bath

-       Shows the bent leg and movement

-       Begins tradition of female nude figure

Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (God of Wine) by Praxiteles  (the artist)c.340

-       Dionysus is born from the thigh of Zeus; his mother is Zeuses lover and Hera tell her to go to Zeus and ask to see him in his real form and he has to do it and it incinerates her; her child is immediately taken and sown into Zeus thigh; Hermes takes him to protect him from Hera

-       Hermes was supposedly holding grapes in the arm that is broken off; identifies him as the God of wine

LATECLASSICAL

Apoxymenos (Scraper) by Lysippos(the artist) c.330

• Slimer different proportions
• Breaking out of the space
• athlete

LATECLASSICAL

Weary Herakles by Lysippos  c. (the artist)320

• Weary after work; not usually seen weary seen tough and a hero
• Look up what labor he finished

LATECLASSICAL

*Hades Abducting Persephone, Vergina  c.350

• First wall painting
• In a tomb in Macedonia
• Hades abducting persephone, daughter of Demeter?(look up story)

HELLENISTIC

Reconstructed Altar of Zeus, Pergamon[what now is turkey] (Berlin) c. 175

                        Athena Attacking the Giants

·      Much more dramatic and movement

HELLENISTIC

Nike of the Samothrace  c.190-on an island near troy

·      Movement creates feeling of wind

HELLENISTIC

Laocoön , by Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros 1^st c AD

• Comes from Trojan war

• Doryphorus (Spear Bearer) by Polykleitos (Artist) c.450

• Athena Parthenos by Phidias (model, Toronto)
• Acroplos and Parthenon- built by Perikles; new designed by Phidias
• House the cult statue, by Phidias (Athena Parthenos)

• Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles  (the artist)c.350
• Hermes and the Infant Dionysos (God of Wine) by Praxiteles  (the artist)c.340

• Apoxymenos (Scraper) by Lysippos(the artist) c.330
• Weary Herakles by Lysippos  c. (the artist)320

• Perkiles (Pericles) 462 bc

  -       Look up more

  -       Envisions glorious Athens beating the Persians

• Achilles and Ajax Playing a Game, BF amphora by Exekias (the artist)c. 540
• 
  

• Death of Sarpedon, RF krater by Euphronios (the artist) c.510