the grid of the central part of the city was matched, and sometimes extended on the same lines, by another grid laid across the surrounding territory.

used in Roman (and Roman based) urban planning

Brazilian version of a shanty-town/squatter settlement.  Inhabbitants of a favela don't have legal rights to the property on which they live.

Originally used to describe the squatter settlements in the peripheral hills of Rio de Janeiro.

Big boom in favela population during 40s and 50s.  First inhabbitants were veteran soldiers and other disenfranchised.

Usually no access to running water or electricity unless tapped into from other sources.

Portuguese word for hills.

in referrence to the hills surrounding Rio de Janeiro.

Referring to the inhabbitants of Rio de Janeiro proper. (usuallly middle to upper class citizens)

Those that live in the city/on the asphalt.

Asfaltos are always aware of the morros because of their lower orientation in the city.

Wall in a mosque that is oriented towards Mecca.  It holds the mihrab niche and is where the Imam leads daily prayers (exept for the Friday prayers.)

All those that come to worship face the Qibla wall.

The oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Hadith collections are regarded as important tools for determining the Muslim way of life, the sunnah.

Muslims believe in the Quran and hadiths.

Dura Europos, Salhiyeh
Syria CE 231

Settlement in which Early Christian house churches were discovered. 

The House church was a private meeting place for early Christians before the Edict of Milan.  They were clandestine worship houses, where small numbers of people would gather for prayer.  Central and most important room in the House Church was the Babtistry--where one was re-born as a Christian, and subsequently where one enters into relation with God/Jesus.

Converted from a
CE 200 peristyle house


The sacrament of Baptism would be conducted in the small rectangular room at the northwest corner of the house where a canopied tub stood against the wall.

Christianity was a repressed and Plebian movement, the places of worship were exceedingly modest.

Constantine’s Basilica at Trier: Emphasis on verticality, early 4th century

Built around 310 CE as a part of a palace complex.

Originally it was not a free standing building but had other smaller buildings attached to it, such as a forehall, an entrance vestibule and some service buildings. The basilica had a floor and wall heating system.

Very characteristic of early basilicas in that the exterior was simple and unadorned; inside was a huge hall for a burgeoning christian congregation (usally adorned with mosaics of the Emperor, patron saint, and images of christ/prophets/religious what-not)

Orthodox Baptistery: Ravenna. CE 425 to mid fifth century.

Baptisteries and martyria raised over saints were usually octagonal structures raised over a tomb, a piece of rock, the baptismal font. They have eight sides on account of the connotations associated with resurrection and rebirth attributed to the number 8. A modest brick shell conceals an interior space made transcendent.

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At Jerusalem, The Holy Sepulcher 328-336 CE

It is a huge five aisled basilica, reached from the main north-south street of the city the means of a monumental staircase and an atrium. It was built over the cave where Constantine’s mother found the True Cross of

Christ’s passion.

Dome/rotunda was not originally a part of the church, but in time became a part of the apse.

Old St. Peter's, CE 320-30

Construction began upon the orders of Constantine. It was built after leveling the Vatican cemetery. 

Like Jerusalem, stairs led up to the Atrium, beyond which lay the huge basilica. The columns seperating the nave from the first pair of aisles had strong entablatures. The wall above was punctuated with clerestory lighting.

The church was built celebrate the dual triumph of Christ over death and of the emperoor over his political adversaries, as well as to honor St. Peter’s tomb, the martyrium proper.

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Hagia Sophia 532 and 537 A.D.

Built on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site (the previous two had both been destroyed by riots)

former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey.

Architects Anthemios and Isidoros screened off the aisles. But the nave is not closed off with flat lid of the traditional timber roofed basilica. It surges into a super system of vaults. Four broad arches hold a central dome of brick that hovers some 50 meters above the floor. Its base is a band of light made up of forty round headed windows.

The sublime space and expansive height attempted to solve the problem of verticallity and axial progression.

Structural description: Large central dome w/ smaller domes, axial progression mixed w/ vertical rise in the same space, cross and square plan.

Palace Complex at Aachen, Germany 792-805 CE

Built under Charlemange

Return of th religio/political megaron.

Components: Aula, Palatine Chapel w/ atrium & westwork, and gallery connecting Aula to Atrium

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Palatine Chapel at Aachen

792-805 built under Charlemange

Atrium-->view toward westwork

westwork-->prototypes of west facades; space that the emperor holds (Emperor's Panoptical Eye)

direction of worship is more towards the emporer than towards a prayer leader or alter.

Interior: interest in verticality

some eastern influence (Charlemange was looking to unite the Eastern and Western empire through the church)

8 small bays.

Abbey Church of St. Denis, 7th Cen.

Westwork is built over the tomb of St. Denis.

it has towers on the westwork, spoila columns on the enterior, transcept and apse.

(didn't spend much time talking about this; an other info would be welcome)

Arc-et-Senans

Plan de la saline royale
1774 Designed by Claude Nicholas Ledoux

Ordered geometric arch plan.

Enlightenment inspired-->good architecture would create good citizens.

in the center of the arch is the town hall-->a watchmen over the entire settlement.

although each structure is part of the whole, they are all architecturally autonomous.

• Enlightenment