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| Cathedral, Pisa (Begun 1063). Part of a building complex that included a baptistery; similar to the site of the Holy Sepulcher. 5-aisle basilica (like St. Peter's), transept, etc. Something new - the outside is highly decorated: covered with marble revetnum and colored stones (resembles Roman Temples); attached columns, arches; spolia (pieces of older Roman buildings); Byzantine style apse images; pointed arches, alternating voussoires (wedge-shape colored block) arches (Islamic features). |
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| Baptistery, Pisa (1153). Circular, not octagonal, columns and ambulatory. A architectural copy of the tomb of Christ. |
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| Baptistery, Florence (1059-1150). Made of brick covered with marble, columns, and arches. Built separate from the church. Octagonal in shape with an octagonal baptismal font. No inner columns or ambulatory. |
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| Sant'Ambrogio, Milan (11th-12th C, vaulted after 1117). Lombardic in style. Large gabled roof decorated with small corbeled arches, called a corbel table. Corbel table sometimes connects with a columnette making a "Lombard Arch." Differences from other Romanesque churches: Stone vaulted ceilings (rather than open truss ceiling), square bay covered with a groin vault - as a result they lose their clear-story windows. Until now, only Romans had been able to vault their ceilings.m |
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| St. Sernin, Toulouse (Begun 1070). One of the pilgrimage churches ( churches on the path from France to northern Spain that lead to the Santiago de Compostela). It's a standard design for pilgrimage churches, designed for pilgrims and the viewing of relics. Like St. Peter's - 5 aisle basilica, transept, apse, etc. Differences: multiple radiating chapels, an ambulatory around the transept and apses. Two stories, no clear-story windows, instead, blocked off by large barrel vaults (which are supported by half barrel vaults in the aisles and outdoor buttresses). No more room for wall mosaics so wall are decorated with architectural forms instead. Images are only in the apse and sometimes the vaults. |
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| Cluny III (1088-1130). Cluny was a special Benedictine monsatery - subject only to the pope, had "daughter" monasteries, and this became very wealthy. Cluny III was built by the Abott Hugh to be an even grander version of the old church (Cluny I). At one point was the largest church in the world. It's plan is similar to that of a pilgrimage church - two large towers at the entrance, radiating chapels, Latin-cross shape, etc. Differences: NO ambulatory; a wall blocks off the common people from certain areas of the church - reserved section is for monks only. Performance of the mass was the most important activity for Cluniac monks - all extra chapels are for extra altars to perform mass NOT to accommodate pilgrims. The 2nd transept is also for more masses. 3-stories high, wall above the aisle called the triforium (triple archh). Above the triforium is the clerestory which is filled with small windows. |
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| Portal of St. Lazare, Autun (1120-1135). Until now, outside sculptures on churches did not exist. Portals are a Roman thing. Parts of the portal: tympanum (main arch)& the lentil (horizontal band beneath the main arch). Portal is made up of scenes of Christ's return: Christ enthroned, four angels blowing trumpets, the dead rising, the soul being weighed for heaven or hell. Right side show those who are going to heaven and the left side shows those who are being grabbed by demons/fallen angels and being dragged into hell. |
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| St. Pierre, Moissac, portal (1115-1130). Portals face the street. Tympanum image: Christ enthroned surrounded by the four beast of the apocalypse and the four elders of the apocalypse. Images are on the side walls of the arch as well.One side shows stories from the life of Christ - annunciation, visitation (Mary telling Elizabeth she's knocked up), and adoration of the magi scenes. Above these is the scene "the presentation at the temple" and the scenes of Joseph and Mary fleeing from Herod with baby Jesus. Also shows idols falling off their pedestals. The other side shows the parable of Lazarus and the rich man. Lazarus's soul gets to the bosom of Abraham, the rich man and his gold are taken to hell. A woman is shown going to hell for lust. So basically one side shows scenes that lead to ascension while the other shows scenes of damnation |
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| Portal of Ste. Madeleine, Vézelay (1120-1132). Tympanum framed by archivoltts. Tympanum contains a Pentecost scene: encouraging people to spread Christianity to all people and gives them the power to do so - protection from disease, ability speak different languages. In general, the marginal imagery is very bizarre while the central imagery is rational/straight forward. |
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| Abbey of Fontenay, (1139-1147). Cistercian style. No towers or portal, very plain. No radiating chapels, ambulatories, etc. Chapels come off the transept instead. Has a square apse - a trait unique to Cisterican churches - generally square/rectangular architecture. Interior is very plain as well. No triforium, clerestory, paintings/mosaics, plain capitals, etc. Pointed barrel vaults, no patterned stone either. |
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| St. Etienne, Caen (1064-77, vaulted c. 1120). French Romanesque/norman architecture. Vaulted in 1120 but originally had an open truss ceiling. A royal church with a double tower facade. Exterior is plain and fortress-like. Thick walls, small windows, thick flying buttresses. Inside: two stories of thick arches withe a clear-story passage running across the top (resembles a Roman aqueduct). Half barrel vaults in the gallery support the groin vaults over the nave. groin vaults allow the windows to be maintained. These are specifically 6-part ribbed groin vaults. Has columnettes that extend all the way to the ground. |
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| Bayeux Tapestry (1070-1080). Technically not a tapestry but embroidered crool work.Details the story of the Normans conquering France and England - shows them building and loading ships, the battles, etc. Romanesque in concept but medieval in style. A central story framed by marginal narratives - the marginal stories are completely unrelated (monsters, griffins,erotic scenes, etc.) |
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| Durham Cathedral (1093-1133). English Norman architecture. Outside architecture is castle-like. Roman aqueduct profile (interior). 7-part groin vaults and high windows, round and pointed arches. Surface decorations on the pillars an arches - a specifically ENGLISH Norman trait. Columnettes do not extend all the way down to the ground, but stop at corbel - also an ENGLISH Norman trait. |
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| Notre-Dame-la-Grande, Poitiers (2nd quarter of 12th Century). Small cylindrical towers ( a feature unique to churches in this area). Architectural decoration and sculpture on the facade. No tympanum, just an open arch door - the arches are called archivolts - voussoire blocks are carved. Corbel tables carved with images as well - strange images, sometimes obscene as well. |
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| St. Front, Périgueux (1120). Plan - Greek cross shape like the church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. Look Early Byzantine (like Hagia Sophia), dome on pendentives, specifically connected to St. Mark's in Venice. |
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| The church is named for St. Denis, the former patron saint of France who is buried in the formal burial place of the Kings of France. The Abbey was built over his tomb. However the rebuild was commissioned by the Abbott Suger. It is a pilgrimage church. It has a two tower facade and 3 big arched doors. Should also look Norman because it has small windows, thick buttresses, and the top is shaped like a castle. Kings & Queens of the Old Testament were on the door jambs - this placement of sculpture was new but they style of sculpture was Romanesque. THE CHOIR: resembles St. Sernin, Toulouse - columns, radiating chapels, etc. Differences - 7 instead of 5 chapels, all touching/no spaces which gives the illusion of a big open space with nothing but free standing columns. This elimination of walls is Gothic. Completely vaulted with "rib groin vaults." All the arches are pointed (Gothic) this allowed windows to exist again without thick walls. |
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| Notre Dame, Paris (Begun 1163). 4 story elevation (Early Gothic feature) - 1. nave arcade 2. Gallery 3. Triforium 4. Clear-story window. The windows all have pointed arches and are so big that the almost completely eliminate the walls. 6-part groin vaults (Romanesque feature). |
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| Laon Cathedral (1190-1205). 4 story elevation, 6-part ribbed groin vaults, nave supports are all the same (a new and Gothic feature). |
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| Chartres Cathedral REBUILD (1194-1220). Chartres Cathedral burned down. The people took it as a sign that The Virgin Mary wanted a better church, which they rebuilt in HIGH GOTHIC style. Some things remained the same - fused chapels, glass windows, pointed arches, etc. The differences: an extended transept (High Gothic), an extended choir (High Gothic), only 3 stories high as opposed to 4 (no gallery, clear story windows are enlarged for more window space), generally taller and thinner, more unified columnettes (inside), 4-part ribbed groin vault, and flying buttresses. Outdoor buttresses were made to compensate for the lack of wall support that came as a result of the large clear-story windows. |
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| Chartres Cathedral, west facade portals, (c. 1145). Triple portal. Tympanum image of Christ enthroned surrounded by the 4 beasts of the apocalypse and the 12 elders of the apocalypse (should all look Romanesque). Figure sculptures on the door jambs and pointed arches should look Gothic. The Right tympanum image is of the Virgin Mary - a brand new thing, below are more scenes from her life: annunciation scene, nativity scene, presentation at the temple scene, etc. Certain images are on a singular axis, Why? - Christ on the altar like the bread on the altar, made flesh through Mary - "Enunciation Altar" |
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| Reims Cathedral (Begun 1210). High Gothic style. 3-story elevation, 4-part ribbed groin vaults, Chartraine columns - 4 little columns surrounding one large column (supporting the arches that line the nave), flying buttresses. Differences from Chartres: rose and dual lancet windows (1:2), and the windows have bar tracery. |
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| Amiens Cathedral (Begun 1220). Like Chartres cathedral: 4-part ribbed groin vaults, chartraine columns, flying buttresses, 3 stories high. Differences: the highest and most slender of all the cathedrals thus far, higher vaults, and has pinnacles to weigh down the flying buttresses. |
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| Chartres Cathedral, sculptures of north portal (1205-1215). Christ and the Virgin Mary occur in the same tympanum - like Santa Maria in Trastevere, Rome except they are equally balanced in this composition. Called the "coronation of the virgin" scene because Jesus is shown crowning Mary; this scene is usually accompanied by two other narrative scenes. 1) a lamentation scene of the virgin Mary called "the dormition. 2) the assumption scene - when the virgin's body is taken out of its tomb to heaven. |
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| Reims Cathedral, sculptures of west portals (1230-1255). Made up of two groups, the annunciation group and the visitation group. The visitation group is naturalistic because it's based on previous naturalistic art from Roman times. They have hair pin drapery, natural proportions,contrapasto poses, and are completely freestanding. The annunciation group is naturalistic in a different way.They are wearing present day French clothing and hair styles (short chin length and wavy), "gothic sway" style of sweeping curves, broad fold drapery (based on real world observation), "smiling eyes," and "elegant style" proportions - far longer and more slender than normal human proportions. |
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| Sainte-Chapelle, Paris (1243-1248). A palace chapel (with a court) of the King of France. It's chief relic, came from the crusades, and it is the crown of thorns. The interior has a basic color pattern - gold leaf, red, and blue. These were royal colors of King Louis and the gold leaf is in the shaped like small castles. The windows almost completely eliminate the walls. There's no more stone, just bar tracery and thin supports in a 1:2 occulus to lancet ratio. Has buttresses with pinnacles and gable roofs that "break the line." Not straight vertical all the way down to the ground. |
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| St Urbain, Troyes (1262-1270).Designed to look like Sainte-Chapelle. Interior is rayonnant style: taller looking pointed arches (narrower proportions), bar tracery patterns more beyond the windows and begin to decorate all parts of the church, clear-story and triforium, called a "glazed triforium" (specifically rayonnant gothic), windows have 1:2:4 ratio of occulus to lancet. |
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| Psalter of St. Louis (1253-1270). An illuminated manuscript. Mostly warfare images, interested in piety and warfare - appealing to crusaders. Knights are depicted as actual 13th century knights. Figures are in the elegant courtly style of France: "gothic sway," slender in form, broad-fold drapery. The architecture in the images is rayonnant gothic, speciically looks like Sainte-Chappelle. Also has a specific color palette - reminiscent of stain-glass windows: large blocks of color outlined in black. Jews are shown wearing "jew hats." |
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| Psalter of Blanche of Castille (1230). Crucifixion scene, framed by personifications of the church and of the Jews. Personification of the Jews is shown dropping the 10 commandments. |
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| Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux (1325-1328). A prayer book. Prayer books were generally designed for women because they had little to do but pray. Upper class women could afford more decorated books. Most scenes are from the life of the Virgin Mary. Marginal subjects: some overflow from the main scenes, others are supplemental stories. |
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| Salisbury Cathedral (Begun 1220). The frontal facade looks old fashioned - like the Norman churches in aquitaine, specifically Notre Dame La Grande: square front with two short towers. The plan is like that of Cluny - double transept (becomes an English Gothic feature). Square apses like the Abbey of Fontenay. Cistercian monastic architecture(generally square in shape). Some new Gothic features: 4-point groin vaults, walls replaced by windows, chartraine columns with purbeck marble, corbels stop the groin columns from extending uninterrupted down to the ground (English Gothic) - stress the horizontal lines not the vertical. Differences - no flying buttresses, we know this because the clerestory windows are not enlarged nor do they extend far down. Lancet shaped windows. |
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| York Cathedral, 5-sisters window |
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| Gloucester Cathedral, choir (1332-1357). Square apse, large windows with bar tracery - interested in centrality so windows are usually divided by odd numbers 1:3:5:7. They also tend to be constructed into vertical rectangles - "perpendicular style." Multiplied rib ridges from 1 to 3 - includes lierne (a web like network of ribs that decorates the surface of a vault and connects the rib ridges to the tierceron). Window bra tracery patterns decorate the ceiling and vaults. A new kind of vault develops called a "fan vault" |
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| King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446-1515). |
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| Strasbourg Cathedral, sculptures (1230-1280).Dormition of the Virgin scene. Mary Magdalene is down front. Germans are interested in showing emotion/emotional suffering. These figures should look hyper emotional compared to french ones. |
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| Pestkreuz Crucifix (1304). "plague cross" - depicts Jesus suffering - emaciated, pained expression, etc. |
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| Pietà (1330). Means "pity". A throne of wisdom scene, except baby Jesus has been replaced with a grown up dead Jesus. Mary is depicted as a young woman because this figure represents her vision of the future in which she held her baby and saw him at his time of death. |
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