Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius

Unknown

173 CE

Bronze

Capitoline Hill, Rome

- demonstrates imperial power to Roman citizens

- rare preserved bronze statue

- figure proportionally larger than horse

Vitruvian Man

Leonardo da Vinci

c. 1490

Ink on parchment

- vitruvius

- reaffirms the Neo-Platonism philosophy (Renaissance)

- pure geometry + human proportions reflect divine harmony of universe

Mask of Agamemnon

Unknown

c. 1500 BCE

Mycenaean

Beaten gold

- Heroic Age to Classical Age

- preserve identity of person in the afterlife

- trends of deathmasks

Pericles

Unknown

450-425 BCE

– Roman copy in marble of bronze original
– War general in Peloponnesian war

Panathenaic Amphora

Euphiletos
530 BCE
Terra cotta jug
- Filled w/ olive oil as prize
- Black figure illustrating Olympics
- Importanceof athleticism/body

Theatre at Epidauros

PolyKleitos the younger

350 BCE

Epidauros

- Nature and the gods
- Importance of theatre in society
- Choric rituals
- Thespis-firstactor, talked back to chorus
- 534BCE competition began- 3 days long, state run

New York Kouros

Dipylon Master

600 BCE

Marble
- Male nude form = perfect
- Egyptian influence

- Archaic smile, braids, stiff form

Kritios Boy

Unknown

c. 480BCE

Acropolis, Athens

Marble

- not a roman copy

- development of kouros

- intro to contrapposto

- archaic vs. classical

Doryphoros (Spear-bearer)

Polykleitos
450-440 BCE

Roman copy of Greek original (bronze)
- Contrapposto = more weight on left
- Torso turns, solemn face
- Ideal of human proportions

- Warrior&athlete
- No distinction between god and man

Peplos Kore

Unknown

530 BCE
Marble
- Female sculptures = tall, poised, small breasts, broad hips

- peplos = long belted dress

- differences among male and female sculptures

Aphrodite of Knidos

Praxiteles
350 BCE

Vatican Museum, Rome
Marble Roman copy of bronze Greek original

- Praxitelean technique = translucent shimmer on marble

- original bronze would not need beem of support

- Over 60 versions
- Goddess of love
- Smoothcurves,melting gaze
- Divine vs. human

- Nude female!?

Temple of Hera I

550 BCE

Paestum, Italy

Marble

– characteristics, development of temple architecture

Parthenon

Ictinus and Kallicrates

448-432 BCE

The Acropolis, Athens

- Dedicated to Athena

- Pentelic marble

- Clarity and symetry
- Parts: cella, treasury, frieze, statue of Athena

- doric temple

Classical Orders of Architecture

– Doric • Plain
– Ionic • Scrolls at top
– Corinthean • Ornate carvings at top
– Parts • Stylobate • Column • Entablature

Statue of Zeus at Olympus

Phidias

440 BCE

Olympus, Greece

Lapith Overcoming a Centaur

Phidias

448-432 BCE

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

Pentelic marble

- Claim to mythological ancestry
- Democratic present

- centaurs represent Persians

Propylaia

Mnesicles

425 BCE

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

Pentalic Marble

- Panathenaic procession: visual and ceremonial gateway

- Entrance to Acropolis

Erectheion

Mnesicles

425 BCE

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

Pentelic Marble

- Panathenaic procession

- honored Athena

- Ionic

- caryatid: femal shaped columns replaces Ionic columns on the south porch

Athena Parthenos

Phidias

447-432 BCE

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens

Ivory and gold over wood frame

- sponsor goddess of the City of Athens

- housed in the Parthenon

Laocoon

Polydorus et al.

100BCE

Marble (Roman copy)

- Hellenistic sculpture

- Illustration of story from Illiad

Sarcophagus from Cerveteri

Unknown

520 BCE

Painted terra cotta

- Etruscan funerary art

- Predecessor of Romans

- visually simialr to archaic Greece

Julius Caesar

Unknown

1st c. BCE

Green schist (medium)

- realistic roman portraiture

- end of the republic

- had a tragic death

- Caesar: a honorific title used by imperial successors well into 2nd century CE

Augustus Primaporta

20 BCE

Marble copy of bronze original

- Octavian becomes Augustus

- arm gesture = leadership and imperial authority

- commenmorates Augustus' establishment of Pax Romana

- idealized with handsome features + muscles

- cupid and dolphin at his feet: his alleged divine descent from Venus

Tarquin and Lucretia

Titian

1668

Oil on canvas

- story of Rape of Lucretia

- kills herself after raped at home out of honor

Ten Books on Architecture

Vitruvius

90-20 BCE

Architectural Treatise

- wrote a treatise in hopes to secure work

- focus on origins of architecture + stone construction based on previous wood construction

Maison Carree

Unknown

20 BCE

Nimes, France

Marble

- Epitome of classical refinement

- Corinthian columns

- ideal influencial example of Roman temple

- compare with Parthenon

Pont du Gard

Unknown

20-10 BCE

Nimes, France

Motarless cut stone

- Arched construction

- very slight decline

- necessity of fresh water for large cities

- large scale engineering project: part of 25 mile long aqueduct

Colosseum

Unknown

70-82 CE

The Forum, Rome

Travertine, tufa, brick, concrete

- note the advanced engineering and circulation

- influence of all three classical orders

- Flavian Amphitheatre

- made for gladiatorial combat

- hidden trapdoors

- Hippodamian plan of city, public private and religious sectors

Pantheon

Possibly Hadrian

118-25 CE

Rome

Concrete, marble columns

- temple for all of the gods

- possibly designed by emperor architect

- shows expert use of concrete

- oculus: circular window; coffers: decorative panels

Hadrian

Unknown

117-136 CE

Marble

- philosopher, architect emperor

Trajan's Victory Column

113 CE

Forum, Rome

Marble

- glorifies victories of Trajan over Dacians

- part of complex of libraries and markets

- architect Apollodorus of Damascus oversaw the construction

The Good Shepherd

Unknown

300 CE

Marble

- demonstrates early Christianity representation

- work fuses Roman society and Christian religion

- Roman Empire legalizes then embraces Christianity

- Jesus portrayed in two ways: as the sacrificial lamb or the shepherd

Old St. Peter's Basilica

330CE

Vatican City, Rome

Marble columns, stone walls, wood roof structure

- burial site of St. Peter

- built over the historical site of the Circus of Nero

- construction began during Constantine I's reign

- Papal coronations began to be held here

- catacombs?

Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom)

Anthemius and Isodorus

532-537 CE

Constantinople (now Istanbul)

Masonry

- principle church of Byzantine Empire, under commission of emperor Justinian

- large dome rises 41 feet higher than Pantheon in Rome

- decorated with lavish mosaics

San Vitale

Unknown

526-547 CE

Ravenna, Italy

Masonry, mosaics

- octagonal domed church

- considered a "small gem" of Byzantine architecture

- drab exterior radiant interior

- has some of the most amazing mosaics in the history of world art

- mosaic shows Justinian + consort Theodora, carrying offereings to Christ

- iconography: bond between church and state in Byzantine history

Great Mosque

Unknown

784-987 CE

Cordoba, Spain

Found columns, masonry, stucco

- Cordoba: capital of Spanish Muslim dynasty - Ummayads

- became the third largest structure in Islamic world

- reverted back to a Christian church in 13th century

St. Gall Monestary

9th c. CE

Document found in St. Gall, Switzerland

Ink on vellum plan

- an ideal plan for monastic complex under Charlemagne's educational revival

- monastic life under the order of St. Benedict

- self-sufficiency

Vassal Payin Homage to His Lord

Matthew Paris

1250 CE

Ink on parchment

- depicting feudalism as organization of Medieval society

- feudal life marked by ceremonies and symbols: such as investiture - oath of fealty formally exchanged

Bayeux Tapestry

Unknown

1080 CE

Bayeux, France

Wool embroidery on linen

- depicting Norman conquest of England

- William of Normandy

- very likely the work of women although women only depicted 4 times in the tapestry

Lancelot, Knight of the Cart

Chretien de Troyes, author

1170s

- emphasize knowledge of story and courtly love

- comments on illuminated manuscript are relevent

- Themes: code of honor, morality, women objectified

Scivias

Hildegard of Bingen

1146 CE

Text and accompanying illuminated manuscript

- first female Christian mystic, head of convent at age 8

- "Know the ways of the Lord"

- accounts ecstatic visions filled with vivid images that came to her in a "voice of heaven"

- includes play, Ordo Virtutum

Everyman

1490 CE

Morality Play

- Everyman faces last judgement

- only ally is good deeds

- lesson: life transient, salvation through church

- use of allegory

* 3 types of medieval drama: mystery, miracle, and morality

City of God

Augustine of Hippo

413-426 CE

Text

- emphasize text, comments on image can be relevant

- he witnesses decline of Roman Empire

- defended his faith: Christian not responsible for Roman downfall

- talk about difference between earthly city of humankind and heavenly city - eternal dwelling place of the christian soul

Summa Theologica

Thomas Aquinas

1274

Text

- unfinished

- compendium of all theological issues of High Middle Ages

- poses 631 questions: existence of God --> money lending

- scholasticism: synthesis of Christian + classical learning but motivation still largely religious

- scholastics: humanists of the Medieval world - believed reason = handmaiden of faith

The Divine Comedy

Dante Alighieri

1308-1321

Text

- allegorical

- Florentine poet

- literal: journey through the land of the dead

- symbolic: spirited pilgrimage of sould from hell through purification and then salvation

- guide Virgil

St. Francis Driving the Devils from Arezzo

Giotto

1297

Assisi, Italy

Fresco (wall painting)

- 10th of 28 scenes

- during civil war, in Arezzo, St. Francis saw demon over city, called upon a brother to drive it out

- important to both St. Francis and Giotto

St. Sernin

1080-1120 CE

Toulouse, France

Mansonry, brick, pink granite

- Romanesque architecture

- barrel vaults, pointed arch

- monumental spiritual fortress

- pilgrimage church

- housed relics

Abbey Church of St. Denis ambulatory

Abbot Suger - patron

1140

St. Denis, France

Gothic Architecture

- often considered first Gothic structure

- Gothic cathedral: a municiple center for urban community

- pointed arch, rib vault, stained glass

Chartres Cathedral

1194-and after

Chartres, France

Gothic Architecture

- Gothic landmark

- sculptures: designed to be "read" = bible in stone

- stained glass: source of religious edification, medium of divine light, delight to the eye