a.       A period characterized by the use of worked stone tools (the term “Paleolithic” “old stone age” is derived from the Greek word palaios, “old” and lithos, “stone”

b.      Most people were migratory hunter-gatherers

c.       Overlapped the last Ice Age

a.       The new stone age

b.      8000 BCE in the middle east, Africa, and Asia, and about 5000 BCE in Europe

c.       Characterized by the domestication of plants and animals and the development of a sedentary lifestyle

d.      Some hunter-gatherers settled into larger, kinship-based communities

a.       Solstice, from the Latin for sun stands still, in astronomy, either of the two points on the ecliptic that lie midway between the equinoxes (separated from them by an angular distance of 90°). At the solstices the sun's apparent position on the celestial sphere reaches its greatest distance above or below the celestial equator, about 23 1/2° of arc. At the time of summer solstice, around June 20 or 21, the sun is directly overhead at noon at the Tropic of Cancer.

a.       Composed of slim triangular or wedge-shaped elements, as the characters used in writing by the ancient Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, and others.

b.      The term "cuneiform" is very deceptive, in that it tricks people into thinking that it's some type of writing system. The truth is that cuneiform denotes not one but several kinds of writing systems, including logosyllabic, syllabic, and alphabetic scripts. In fact, "cuneiform" came from Latin cuneus, which means "wedge". Therefore, any script can be called cuneiform as long as individual signs are composed of wedges.

a.       an arch formed in a continuous curve; characteristic of Roman architecture

b.      well proportioned, with a compact composition of horizontal and vertical members

a.       A structure having the form of a vault but constructed on the principle of a corbel arch.

b.      An arch-like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge. A corbel vault uses this technique to support the superstructure of a building's roof.

c.       Corbeled arches are not entirely self-supporting structures, and it is sometimes termed a "false arch" for this reason.

d.      Constructed by offsetting successive courses of stone at the springline of the walls

e.      Corbel arches and vaults require significantly thickened walls and an abutment of other stone or fill to counteract the effects of gravity, which otherwise would tend to collapse each side of the archway inwards

a.       The part of the human spirit that defined a person’s individuality and that would survive on earth after death

b.      Extensive religious ritual accompanied the belief in an afterlife, and the most important entity of the human soul to be served in the afterlife was the ka

c.       The Egyptians believed that after death the ka would require an earthly adobe

d.      Thus the body of the deceased should be preserved through mummification

a.       Symmetry is what occurs when one side of something balances out or mirrors the other.

a.       The term stasis (from Greek στάσις "a standing still"), A state of stability, in which all forces are equal and opposing, therefore they cancel out each other.

a.       is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected for funerals or commemorative purposes, most usually decorated with the names and titles of the deceased or living — inscribed, carved in relief (bas-relief, sunken-relief, high-relief, and so forth), or painted onto the slab. It can also be used as a territorial marker to delineate land ownership.

b.      Stelae were also used as territorial markers, or to commemorate military victories

c.       They were widely used in the Ancient Near East, Mesopotamia, Greece, Egypt, Ethiopia, and, most likely independently, in China and elsewhere in the Far East, and, more surely independently, by Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Olmecand Maya.

d.      Generally used for other monumental standing inscribed sculpted stones.

a.       “youth”

b.      The title that Isamu Noguchi gave his over-lifesize Kouros reveals that these abstract forms refer to a standing male figure and we are encouraged to compare the sculpture with idealized Greek statues of the sixth and fifth centuries

c.       Given to those representations of male youths which first appear in the Archaic period in Greece. The term kouros, meaning (male) youth, was first proposed for what were previously thought to be depictions of Apollo by V. I. Leonardos in 1895 in relation to the youth from Keratea,^[2] and adopted by Lechat as a generic term for the standing male figure in 1904

a.       Kore (Greek - Κόρη - maiden; plural korai) is the name given to a type of ancient Greek sculpture of the Archaic period. There are multiple theories on who they represent, and as to whether they represent mortals or deities - one theory is that they represent Persephone the daughter in the triad of the Mother Goddess cults or votary figures to attend the maiden goddess

b.      They both show the restrained "archaic smile", but - unlike the nude kouroi - korai are depicted in thick drapery, ornate and (in painted examples) very colorful and often have elaborate braided hairdos.

a.       A krater (in Greek: κρατήρ, kratēr, from the verb κεράννυμι, keránnymi, "to mix") was a large vase used to mix wine and water in Ancient Greece.

b.      At a Greek symposium, kraters were placed in the center of the room. They were quite large, so they were not easily portable when filled. Thus, the wine-water mixture would be withdrawn from the krater with other vessels

a.       Figures and ornaments were painted on the body of the vessel using shapes and colors reminiscent of silhouettes. Delicate contours were incised into the paint before firing, and details could be reinforced and highlighted with opaque colors, usually white and red.

b.      . It was especially common between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, although there are specimens dating as late as the 2nd century BC. Stylistically it can be distinguished from the preceding orientalizing period and the subsequent red-figure pottery style.

c.       After a vase was formed, but before it was fired the painter, using slip (a mixture of clay particles in water sometimes combined with wood ash), painted black figures in silhouette

a.       Aesthetic canon, a rule for the proportions of a human figure

b.      Polykleitos wrote a book called the canon to record his theories about the harmonious proportions of the human body

a.       Is a large cemetery or burial ground, usually including structural tombs. The word comes from the Greek νεκρόπολις - nekropolis, literally meaning "city of the dead".

a.       Between the seventh and fifth centuries BCE, the Greeks developed three architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian- which have been in virtually continuous use up to the present day

b.      An order give aesthetic definition and decoration to the post and lintel structural system

c.       Reveal a philosophical and analytical approach to architecture

a.       were one of the four major tribes into which the Classical Greeks considered the population of Hellenes to have been divided (along with the Dorians, Aeolians and Achaeans).^[1] The Ionian dialect was one of the three major linguistic divisions of the Hellenic world, together with the Dorian and Aeolian.

a.       The games were part of a much larger religious festival, the Panathenaea, which was held every year. Every fourth year when the games were also held, the festival was known as the "Great Panathenaia," and was 3 or 4 days longer than the regular festival. They were the most prestigious games for the citizens of Athens, but they were not as important as the Olympic Games or the other Panhellenic Games.

b.      The first Great Panathenaea was held during the rule of Peisistratos in 566 BC, and was modeled on the Olympic Games. Peisistratus also added music and poetry competitions, which were part of the Pythian Games but not the Olympics. The games were divided into games for Athenians only, and games for Athenians and any other Greeks who wanted to participate.

a.       A place for keeping the ashes of a cremated body.

b.      Containing or used for ashes of the cremated dead; "a cinerary urn"

a.       Ancient Chinese bronze vessels

b.      Powerful yet simple shapes with overall geometric designs

c.       A combination of parts of animals, beasts, and birds, the main motif is a taotie (monster mask, the most famous patterned used on early Chinese bronze)

d.      Created to hold offerings of food and wine during Chinese ceremonies dedicated to the veneration of ancestors

e.      Sets of these containers were placed on family alters and were buried in tombs of the members of the ruling of aristocratic classes

f.        Inscriptions refer to historic events and legal transactions and are an important source of information about ancient Chinese lifestyle

a.       An obelisk (from Greek ὀβελίσκος - obeliskos,^[1] diminutive of ὀβελός - obelos, "spit, nail, pointed pillar"^[2]) is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top, and is said to resemble a "petrified ray" of the sundisk. A pair of obelisks usually stood in front of a pylon. Ancient obelisks were often monolithic, whereas most modern obelisks are made of several stones and can have interior spaces.

a.       is an Ancient Egyptian goddess who personified the principles of love, beauty, music, motherhood and joy.^[2] She was one of the most important and popular deities throughout the history of Ancient Egypt. Hathor was worshiped by Royalty and common people alike in whose tombs she is depicted as "Mistress of the West" welcoming the dead into the next life.^[3] In other roles she was a goddess of music, dance, foreign lands and fertility who helped women in childbirth,^[3] as well as the patron goddess of miners.^[4]

a.       the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare

a.       an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld and the dead. He is classically depicted as a green-skinned man with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive crown with two large ostrich feathers at either side, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.

b.      Osiris is at times considered the oldest son of the Earth god Geb,^[1] and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son.^[1] He is also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, which means "Foremost of the Westerners" — a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead

c.       “KING OF THE LIVING”

a.       The disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and originally an aspect of Ra.

b.      The focus of the monolatristic, henotheistic, or monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship in recognition of Aten.

c.       The worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb possibly as a damnation of memory against Ay whom he replaced as pharaoh.

a.       The sky god

b.      Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times.

c.       Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists.^[1] These various forms may possibly be different perceptions of the same multi-layered deity in which certain attributes or syncretic relationships are emphasized, not necessarily in opposition but complementary to one another, consistent with how the Ancient Egyptians viewed the multiple facets of reality.

d.      Horus the Falcon who was the patron deity of Nekhen in Upper Egypt and who is the first known national god, specifically related to the king who in time came to be regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life and Osiris in death

e.      The son of Isis and Osiris but in another tradition Hathor is regarded as his mother and sometimes as his wife.^[1] Horus served many functions in the Egyptian pantheon, most notably being the god of the Sky, god of War and god of Protection.

f.        Horus was born to the goddess Isis after she retrieved all the dismembered body parts of her murdered husband Osiris, except his penis which was thrown into the Nile and eaten by a catfish

a.       The first Pharaoh of unified Egypt

b.      One of the earliest surviving works of Egyptian art, the Votive Palette of King Narmer

                                                               i.      Created to mark the unification of Egypt (upper and lower Egypt)

                                                             ii.      Narmer, as in every case, represented as unnaturally larger than his subordinates and enemies through the use of hierarchical scale

c.       Narmer has been identified with Menes, the first king of the first Egyptian dynasty appears three times

d.      Appears as a horned bull

a.       He who comes in peace

b.      Probably the earliest known artist in world history

c.       He is considered to be the first architect^[2] and engineer^[3] and physician in early history

d.      Was an Egyptian polymath,^[1] who served under the Third Dynasty king, Djoser, as chancellor to the pharaoh and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis.

e.      Imhotep was one of very few mortals to be depicted as part of a pharaoh's statue. He was one of only a few commoners ever to be accorded divine status after death.

a.       The architectural remains of the New Kingdom reveal a vigorous economy, political stability, and the assured power of the ruler. This latter quality is reflected in the statue of the female ruler Hatshepsut

b.      meaning Foremost of Noble Ladies

c.       The fifth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty of Ancient Egypt. She is generally regarded by Egyptologists as one of the most successful pharaohs, reigning longer than any other woman of an indigenous Egyptian dynasty

d.      her reign usually is given as twenty-two years

e.      Hatshepsut established the trade networks

f.        This was the first recorded attempt to transplant foreign trees

a.       “one who is effective on behalf of Aten”

b.      Was devoted to the worship of a single god, Aten

c.       Mandated to the worship of Aten as the official state deity, and during his reign tried to change the complex polytheistic foundation of Egyptian religion to monotheism

d.      Relief of Akhenaten and Nefertiti and their children

e.      He was all but lost from history until the discovery, in the 19th century, of Amarna, the site of Akhenaten, the city he built for the Aten.

a.       The epic Gilgamesh tells how a king’s quest for glory and immortality ends when he discovers that even the bravest heroes must face death, it has been called the first great poem of the West

                                                               i.      the greatest surviving work of early Mesopotamian literature.

b.      was the fifth king of Uruk, modern day Iraq

In ancient Greek architecture, a circular building with a conical or vaulted roof and with or without a peristyle, or surrounding colonnade. In the Mycenaean period, tholoi were large ceremonial tombs, sometimes built into the sides of hills; they were beehive-shaped and covered by a corbeled arch. In classical Greece, the tholos at Delphi had a peristyle; the tholos in Athens, serving as a dining hall for the Athenian Senate, had no outside columns. The tholos at Epidaurus, designed by Polyclitus, was a circular chamber with a Doric colonnade outside and a Corinthian within; it contained exquisite carvings. The foundations were a series of concentric walls with doors and partitions that made a subterranean labyrinth. The tholos at Olympia, known as the Philippeum, was a round building of the Ionic order, with Corinthian half columns on the inside; it was erected by Philip II of Macedon to commemorate his victory over the Greeks at Chaeronea in 338 bc.