1500-1600

Focused in Rome

Triangle/Pyramid composition is very important

1450-1500

Obsession w/ making things look 3D

Linear style

Mathematical

1-point perspective

1401-1450

STARTED WITH COMPETITION COMMISSION FOR BABTISTRY DOORS

• Return to/rebirth of art/music/science/peace
• Human-centered not God centered
• Celebrates human accomplishments

• Flemish
• Early Renaissance
• Worked w/ Hubert van Eyck

• Florence
• ProtoRenaissance
• One of the first to be regarded for his achievements as a human
• BLUE BACKGROUNDS

• Pre-Renaissance
• Florence
• Persued new art styles
• One of the first to be credited for his achievements instead of God

• Pre-Renaissance
• Italy

• Siena
• ProtoRenaissance
• Used a more natural style, but still used religious subjects

• Siena
• ProtoRenaissance
• Pupil of Duccio

• Ambrogio and Pietro
• Siena
• ProtoRenaissance

• Giotto
• Maesta Altarpiece
• Florence
• 1310

• Golden Background
• More depth and value, use of chioroscuro, figures more relative to space, more realistic cloth & observation
• Jesus is wearing pink & looks more babylike

• Cimabue
• Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets
• Florence

• Very gold background
• Maesta
• Braping detail in cloth shows a body underneath
• Jesus looks like a small person not a baby
• 4 gospel writers on the bottom

• Gold background
• St. Francis centered w/ stigmata and dressed in monk's robes, very flat stern face, looks like he's levitating, not much ficus on looking like a real human
• Scenes line the sides, more experimentation and dimension, shows passing of time through duplication of images

• Jesus' proportions are exaggerated so that his head is large so you connect with his face, standing not hanging, looks sad not suffering
• Mary and St. John on either side
• 4 gospel writers' symbols on left and right

• Duccio
• Virgin and Child Enthroned by Saints (altarpiece)
• Siena

• Very gold
• Baby Jesus looks like a baby and is wearing pale pink
• Small figures line the top

• Duccio
• Betrayal from Life of Jesus (panels from back of altar piece)
• Siena

• Duccio
• Palm Sunday from Life of Jesus
• Siena

• Gold background
• Trees create background
• 2 groups of people, apostles fleeing and Jesus being arrested
• Jesus and Judas are centered
• Jesus looks quiet and tranquil

• Gold background
• Jesus humbly enters through arched gateway
• Donkey awkwardly proportioned so that Jesus looks big and important
• Lots of depth
• Crowd looks stacked and unrealistic

• Giotto
• Betrayal from the Arena Chapel Fresco Cycle
• Padua

• Giotto
• Palm Sunday from Arena Chapel
• Padua

• Blue background
• Trees create a background
• Big chaotic scene
• Jesus/Judas kiss in center
• Judas covers Jesus' body in a comforting way and makes direct eye contact
• Jesus looks angry and disappointed

• Blue background
• Jesus humbly enters
• Donkey is half hidden by people
• Limited depth bc all important people are in the front plane
• Realistic crowd with people in front covering people behind
• Someone put a cloak down for Jesus and someone else got caught in their own cloak

• Giotto
• Arena Chapel Fresco Cycle
• Padua

• Walls decorated with scenes from the lives of Jesus and Mary
• Splotchy blue backgrounds
• The Crucifixtion: Mary Magdalen has long hair which means whore
• Lamentation: Pieta, St. John in center and his body creates a triangle that points to all sides of the painting 
• Triangle composition is ahead of its time

• Simone Martini
• Annunciation Altarpiece
• Siena

• Very gold
• Gabriel announcing to Mary
• Stylistically more preRenaissance but with more human emotion
• Mary looks skeptical and pulls away from Gabriel
• Gabriel's olive branch = Peace
• Copper vase with lilly - purity and it separates Mary from Gabriel

• Pietro Lorenzetti
• Birth of the Virgin
• Siena

• 3 arched sections
• Dad being informed in the first panel
• St. Anne laying on bed in middle panel and Mary being bathed
• Two people holding stuff in the right panel
• Shows a typical Siena house

• Ambrogio Lorenzetti
• Peaceful City and Peaceful Country
• Palazzo Publico
• Siena

• On walls of the Palazzo Pubblico 
• Huge
• Shows scenes of country and city in peace
• Also has effects of good and bad government
• Blue background

• Jan van Eyck
• Ghent Altarpiece
• Flanders

• Opens and closes with 3 sections of 4 panels ea on outside and a huge scene on the inside
• 4 bottom panels has its own person, 2 are the patrons
• Middle 4 show Annunciation w/ white linen=purity and copper cauldron=Mary as a vessel
• Super 3 dimensional
• Inside shows 2 scenes; top scene in Jesus on throne w/ papal tiara and king crown at feet, John Baptist a right side reading bible, St.Cecilia next to him, Adam&Eve on either side of whole scene, Mary is to left of Jesus
• Bottom scene shows sacrifice of lamb

• Jan van Eyck
• Man in Red Turban
• Flanders

• Jan van Eyck
• Arnolfi Wedding
• Flanders

• Shows Flemish meticulous attention to detail ie wrinkles & facial details
• In the wedding it's the exchange of vows
• Dog=fidelity, shoes of=sacred space
• Mirror in the back shows the couple and van Eyck
• van Eyck signed  "Jan van Eyck was here"

• Flemish
• Early Renaissance
• Did portraits of guy with hammer and lady with yellow veil

• Rogier van der Wyden
• Desposition Altarpiece
• Flanders

• Mary is fainting and St. John holds her up, the guy who donated the tomb is there
• Mary Magdalen is by Jesus' feet and cannot properly stand bc emotionally/physically freaking out and wearing tight clothes w/ red sleeves bc whore

• Flemish
• Early Renaissance

• Robert Campin
• Merode Altarpiece
• Flanders

• Annunciation scene
• Mary looks serene/uncaring, might not have notcied Gabriel
• Lillies in the middle, candle has just been put out bc Gabriel is light of the world, copper vessel is in the back
• Regional delft poetry on table, shows contemporary Flemish house
• Patrons are kneeling on side panel
• Joseph is doing carpentry on other panel to show no physical relationship

• Flemish
• Middle Renaissance
• Doin his own thing, very unique
• Inspired Dali

• Heironymus Bosch
• Garden of Earthly Delights
• Flanders

• When closed shows Earth-like bubble showing early stages of Earth forming
• Inside has 3 panels
• Left: Adam&Eve in fantastical garden, and it's very mythical
• Center panel: paradise w/ tons of naked people being happy and tons of mythical structures and people in bubbles, what would've happened if Adam&Eve didn't mess up
• Right: Torture and fire and hell

• French
• Early Renaissance

• Limbourg Brothers
• Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
• France

• Book full of paintings
• Shows scenes in the life of the Duke
• Each page has astronomy stuff on the top
• Lots of blue

• Early Renaissance
• Florence
• Lost competition for baptistry doors commission
• Great architect

• Filippo Brunelleschi
• Sacrifice of Isaac
• Florence

• Composition is horizontally split 1/2; horse and unimportant ppl on the bottom, Isaac Abraham, and Angel on the top
• Altar in the center creates the split
• Abraham and Isaac are diagonal bc they're in motion

• Early Renaissance
• Florence
• Won the baptistry doors competition

• Lorenzo Ghiberti
• Sacrifice of Isaac
• Florence

• Diagonal line created by rock formation
• Line is curved to create zones; open part of curve holds important zone
• More different from medieval style and made a hero out of the underdog
• Took 10 years to make

• Early Renaissance
• Florence
• Sculptor in the round

• Donatello
• Feast of Herod
• Relief
• Florence

• Banquet in which John Baptist's head is brought to Herod
• Herod and some guests look disgusted and shying away
• Dancing lady is not disgusted bc she turned John in
• Kids in the corner run away
• Combination of classicism with human nature/emotion

• Donatello
• David
• Florence

• David looks small but confident, but not really understading of what he just did
• He looks 12; has long hair and is effeminate
• Sword is too big and heavy for him
• He has a dreamy gaze
• Closed form

• Donatello
• Gattamelata
• Padua

• Equestrian statue
• Type of monument from ancient Rome, revived by Donatello
• Portrays important figure on horseback

• Donatello
• Mary Magdalene
• Florence

• Long hair, but ugly
• No form-fitting clothes
• Portrays her old, after Jesus' death
• Skeletal old hag

• Early Renaissance
• Florence

• Masaccio
• Tribute Money
• Florence

• Shows passing of time in a continuous landscape
• Center; Jesus, apostles, & other guy asking them for money
• Left; Peter reaches into fish's mouth for money
• Right; Peter gives money to tax collector
• Jesus looks calm while Peter looks angry/confused

• Masaccio
• Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden
• Florence

• Accurately portrays human emotion, devistation
• Eve; Ashamed of being naked, crying out, hides her body
• Adam; Ashamed of showing his emotions, hides his face
• Sin they committed was sexual intimacy before they were allowed
• Women are sexy and bad

• Masaccio 
• Madonna and Child
• Florence

• Maesta
• Angel on either side of throne & playing music in front
• Mary has grapes in hand and Jesus is eating out of it; grapes become wine and wine is Jesus blood
• Mary looks like real person, blonde Italian woman; seems expressionless, not looking at Jesus or us
• Mary is distressed and sullen bc she knows Jesus will die

• Masaccio
• Holy Trinity
• Fresco
• Florence

• Jesus centered, God behind, Dove in between
• Virgin Mary to left & John younger to right
• Perspective used to make it seem like in a chapel
• Patrons are kneeling outside chapel area

• MidRenaissance
• Florence
• Mainly an architect

• Mid Renaissance
• Florence

• Ucello
• Battle of San Romano
• Florence

• Uses value
• Floor is bright for contrast or something
• Lances on the ground 'fallen' in a grid pattern bc linear perspective

• Ucello
• The Hunt in the Forest
• Florence

• Everyone running toward point in the background
• Tree branches on ground are orthoganal lines 
• Trees and dogs get smaller as they go back

• Florentine
• Mid Renaissance

• Verrocchio
• David
• Florence

• David wih short hair, so older, 15, more muscular
• Leonardo was 15 & the model for this
• Shorter sword makes him look less clumsy & more confident; looks like a sword he would own, more violent
• Open form statue
• Wearing clothing, looks cocky

• Verrocchio
• Equestrian monument

• Man's posture is more erect&confident than Donatello's
• Facing outward
• Rider is unarmed and holding reins; more detailed and showing emotion
• Horse has more musculature
• Looks like it's in motion

• Mid Renaissance
• Florence
• Associated with the rich, influential Medici Court

• Botticelli
• Birth of Venus
• Florence

• Very subtle chiuroscuro
• Lots of outline
• Importance of line
• Looks like marble

• Botticelli
• Primavera
• Florence

• Paris, 3 Graces, Venus, Zephyrus, Flora
• So much outlines
• So much mythology

• Florence
• Mid Renaissance

• Fra Filippo Lippi
• Madonna and Child with Angels
• Florence

• So much outline tho
• Window framed in the background with perspective scenery
• Unconventional Maesta, Mary looks North Italian
• Mary is praying and not paying attention to Jesus
• Jesus is held up by angels while he paws at/consoles her

• Mid Renaissance
• Padua

• Mantegna
• Lamentation of Christ

• Hella weird looking foreshortening
• You see Jesus' feet head on
• His head looks so big
• Lines, but not super outliney
• Nice draping on the sheets bro

• Mantegna
• Ceiling of the Camera Picta

• Trompe L'oeil; illusion that the ceiling is open
• We're looking straight up
• Cherubs and people playfully chillin
• Mimicked the architecture in a realistic way

• Mid Renaissance
• Florentine

• Piero della Francesca
• Resurrection

• Outliney, but softer; combines chiuroscuro with linear
• Triangle composition
• Dramatic/important bc miracle and solidifies Christian belief; symbolizes hope of life after death
• This picture is bland & tired, not glorious; Jesus looks bored

• Mid-High Renaissance
• Florentine
• Inventor, Painter, Drawer
• Completed few paintings
• Obsessed w/ recording the visual world around him
• Human disection, muscle studies, first drawing of fetus in womb, military drawings, strategic notes

• Leonardo
• Milan
• Ruins his life bc then Florence doesn't like him

• Fresco Secco so it wouldn't be patchy; tried to make special paint but it still flaked
• Jesus is a triangle
• Everyone is shocked, asking if it's them
• Guy with hands up is reference to feast of Herod
• Jesus' left hand is peaceful, right hand is angry
• Red tunic=human nature, Blue tunic=celestial nature
• Chiuroscuro
• Judas is shown in shadow, facing away from light, silver in hand
• 1 point perspective

• Leonardo da Vinci
• Madonna of the Rocks

• Mary is holding John the Baptist and angel is holding Jesus
• All the figures are connected by hand gestures
• Used oil paints
• Triangular arangement
• Pointing in a religious painting means something has been foretold; implied line between Mary and Jesus, but Angel's pointing breaks the line

• Commission of daughter of banker
• New way of portraits; full length, naturally placed hands, 3/4 turn towards the viewer; maintain privacy for subject by not being full front
• Models her face with smooth light and shadow
• Face is not static, lips and eyes seem to be in state of motion
• Uses sfumato

• Leonardo
• Madonna and Child with St. Anne

• Unstable pyramid bc has movement
• Jesus has a lamb=sacrifice
• Mary is trying to save Jesus from the lamb; reaches out but pulls away at same time
• Invisible line between Mary and Jesus
• Dynamic, not static

• Striaght ruthless
• Payed to be pope, still lost election, killed other pope
• Warrior pope bc used army to gain back lost territories
• Michealangelo did art for him

• High Renaissance
• Worked in Rome and Florence
• Did a lot of stuff for the pope

• Michaelangelo
• Pieta in St. Peter's
• Rome

• Mary looks bigger than Jesus to create a visual narrative
• Mary's face is emphasized; focus on her mourning not his death
• Michaelangelo put his name on Mary's sash; woah! bc it's a super religious thing

• Before the act bc Goliath's head isn't there
• Closed form sculpture; contrapposto
• Big hands and head is too big to show perfect strenght and intellect; looks 18 and at his peak
• Looks worried and determined; looking at Goliath
• Tense details of face are subtle so they become more noticeable as you/Goliath gets closer

• Balace of relaxed and tense, weight-shift
• Based on Greek and Roman sculpture
• Ex: Tense on top left/bottom right, relaxed on top right/bottom left

• Michaelangelo
• Tomb of Pope Julius II
• Supposed to be huge pyramid structure, but was never finished; now is just like one wall
• Julius ain't even burried in it

• Originally supposed to be pyramid
• Lots of influence from classic Roman art and architecture
• Moses in on the sculpture looking muscular, tense, in motion bc he is about to stand; looks concerned/angry
• Supposed to be statues of slaves of the Papal states standing around the tomb; a bunch of them were made/half made and still connected to the marble they were carved from

• Michaelangelo
• Sistene Chapel
• He's a sculptor not a painter, so he didn't want to
• Painted for 4 years on a scaffold which wrecked his back, fell off once

• Worked on in panels so easier to deal; depicts Creation-Flood
• Vibrant colours, but might has been from cleaning
• Stone looking figures and vibrant drapery
• God reaching toward Adam, floating on a brain, Adam has minimum energy so God is giving him life; God is with either Mary or Eve
• Temptation & Expulsion; goes from lush to barren, snake is a woman with red hair, angel is woman with red hair (Satan), Eve's hair turns red bc Satan and sexy & Eve gets ugly

• Michaelangelo
• Last Judgement Altarpiece
• Sistene Chapel

• Carried out as a huge single work and not separate panels
• Tons of people, Jesus in center with Virgin Mary next to him
• Michaelangelo included self-portrait of himself as flayed-skin bc gay

• High Renaissance
• Rome
• Came to papal court under Julius

• Raphael
• Stanza della Segnatura (Philosophy)
• Papal Apartments

• Discussions in the School of Athens
• 1 pt linear; features Plato and Aristotle; one side of painting is Platonic and the other is Aristolic
• Raphael on the Aristolic side wearing white, paints Michaelangelo on Platonic side looking miserable
• M was mad that R got the commission

• Raphael
• Stanza della Segnatura (Theology)
• Papal Apartments

• Divided into lower and upper, Earthly and Celestial
• Resurrected Jesus on cloud throne with Mary to the left and John Baptist right, God above, Holy Spirit below
• Altar on the bottom in the center w/ people on either side & host on the altar
• The people are debating if bread is body of Christ

• Raphael
• Portrait of Balthazar Castiglione

• Raphael
• La Fornarina
• His mistress

• Standard HighRen, 1/2 lenght, 3/4 turn portraits
• Balthazar; eyes straight forward, lots of moderations of grey
• La Fornarina; looking at Raphael bc she can't look at us while she's nakey

• Outside; lots of distance in the background
• Mary is blonde, holding Bible, pulling Jesus away from John bc John is holding cross and foreshadowing
• Triangle composition

• Body was started in Gothic period
• Brunelleschi made the dome
• Bell tower designed by Giotto
• Known as the Duomo because dome

• Church of Florence
• Brunelleschi = Dome
• Giotto = Bell Tower

• Brunelleschi
• Similar to Cathedral of Florence
• Has archades and side aisle chapels

• Brunelleschi
• Santo Spirito
• Early Ren
• Firenze

• Roman architecture
• Naive elevation has an archade going from apex to narthex

• San Lorenzo
• Brunelleschi
• Early Ren

• Pazzi Chapel
• Early Ren
• Brunelleschi

• Brunelleschi
• Small circular windows in the dome
• Tall central arch
• Very symmetric & mathematic
• Lots of arches and circles

Architect 

Early-Mid Ren

Florence

• Michelozzo
• Square building w/ square open courtyard
• Outside is like a fortress, inside is very open
• Residence
• Floor plans copied from atrium home style of Rome
• Outside smoothes out towards the higher levels
• Design is very balanced

• Palazzo Medici Riccardi
• Michelozzo

• Palazzo Rucellai
• Alberti
• Mid Ren

• Alberti
• Square shaped atrium
• Square windows instead of arches on bottom level
• Smother stone, but more straight lines

• Alberti
• Facade has a central arch and 2 collumns on either side
• Small chapels on either side of nave
• Triumphal arches go along the nave

• Sant Andrea
• Alberti

• Ospedale degli Innocenti
• Brunelleschi

• Brunelleschi
• Archade
• Did the whole front of building with archade
• Little circles with baby sculptures

• St. Peter's
• Michaelangelo and Bernini did the revamped one
• But like a billion people worked on it

• Originally cross & wide naive w/ 2 aisles
• Billion people submitted designs and wanted square shape, but too small so they extended the naive and added a huge outside piazza
• Collinade surrounded the piazza
• Michaelangelo designed apse & dome; planned for you to see dome get bigger like heaven as you walk towards church, but extended naive ruined everything
• Dome has windows with alternating rounded and pointed styles