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Stonehenge

Period: Prehistoric (2600 BCE)

Location: Salisbury Plains, England

Artist: N/A

Materials: Stone (Sarsens and Bluestones)

neolithic revolution

for religious perposes only

religion turn towards the sky

**post and lintel structure

- worship Gaia (female god)

- moved large stones from 24 mi away

Post and Lintel

- Simple method

- 8 feet is about the greatest length it can span

- stone: great compression, poor tension

- ex: stonehenge

Mycenae

Period: prehistoric (1600 BCE-1100 BCE; height at 1250 BCE)

Artist: N/A

Location: city near Athens 

* Defensive city, capital, walled city on the mound

* walls have 20 ton stones

The Lion Gate 

* Corbel arch over post and lintel at gateway

* Doorways: divide between life and death

* in defensive architecture, the weakest part

Parthenon

Location: On the Acropolis in Athens

Period: Classical Greek

Artist: Phidias

-for Athena, goddess of wisdom

*oversees commerce and arts

-extremely sophisticated

- on the Acropolis, oversees agora & theater

Materials: Pentele Marble

*14 ft x 147 architrave blocks

*48 capitals 528 drum blocks = 723 blocks, 9 years for exterior

Order: combines ionic and doric elements

-inside: ionic frieze

-outside: doric columns 8x17 column footprint, close to the golden proportion

Curvature:

-columns lean in, entablature leans out, stylobate curved

-concern columns are thicker

-intercolumniation is not regular: closer near corners

- 1:5,000

Why?

1. Utility: Greece is an earthquake zone

2. Optical: look same distance away

3. Aesthetic: gives life & movement

-Had statue of Athena inside the cella (Chryselephantine)

-phideas sculpture on the east pediment

-Frieze: relief sculpture

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Propylaea

Period: Classical Greek

Artist: Mnesikles

Location: Gateway to the Acropolis, in Athens

Release --> Compression --> Release

Light --> dark --> light

Rough stone --> light stone

Connections: "gateways" such as the Lion's Gate in Mycenae

Mask of Nefartiti

Period: 1345 BCE (18th dynasty)

Artist: Thutmose

Location: Egypt

Material: limestone

Lasceaux cave

Period: prehistoric (25000 ~ 15000 BCE)

Artist: N/A

Location: France

Materials: Mineral Pigments on cave walls

cave paintings of animals

very end of cave: only representaion of human

venus of willendorf
Period: Prehistoric (c. 25,000 BCE)

Material: Limestone

Location: Willendorf, Austria

Artist: N/A

Temple of Athena Nike

Period: Classical Greek

Material: marble

Location: on the Acropolis, in Athens

Artist: Kallikrates 

Order: Ionic

*Parapet relief sculpture of Athena Nike taking off her sandals

*genre: when gods portrayed as doing everyday thigns

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Grave Stele of Hegesos

Period: Classical Greek

Material: Pentelic marble, relief sculpture

Artist: N/A

Location: Kerameikos, graveyard outside of Athens

-ceramic was the most common material for graves Hegesos is with her servant, going through a box of jewels in a very ordinary moment

- she's in the doorway between life and death 3/4 view of bodies, profile of head and chair

Kouros male figure

Period: Archaic Greek

Material: typically marble

Artist: N/A

Location: across Greece

*Free standing, male, youth, nude

*some were temple watchers, or grave watchers, or for victory/ athletics

* block --> body

* 1:6 proportion

* iliac crest, shins, knee caps,face, fair, feet were problems

600-525 BCE: four sided body

Connection: 

Kritios Boy

Period: 480 BCE - Late Archaic or Early Classical Greek

Artist: Krito

Material: Marble

Location: found on the Acropolis, in Athens

* first known to use Contrapposto

* More realistic rib cage, smile, balance of weight

Connection: Kouros, 

Doryphoros

Period: Classical Greek

Artist: Polyclites

Location: many copies have been found, including in Pompeii

Material: Marble

*Captures youth on the verge of manhood

*Standing, yet moving

* was probably holding a spear

* Contrapposto 

Connection: Kouros, Kritios boy

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Riace bronzes

Period: Classical Greek

Material: bronze - great tensile strength

Location: found off coast of Riace

Artist: N/A

* Warriors or gods

* Contraposto

* One was probably wearing a helmet

Connection: Kouros, Kritios Boy, Doryphoros 

Portunus

Period: 1st century BCE (Republican Rome)

Roman temple

Location: Rome, Forum Boarium

Artist: N/A

Order: Ionic

*portunus: god of the port

* located near primary market at the port of the river, very prominent

Comparison to Greek architecture:

*Not peripteral; columns engaged

* higher podium

* Approached from only one direction

*Within a closed precinct wall, unlike Greek temples that interacted with their environment

* Much less decorated; no sculpture in the frieze

* deep Pronaos

colosseum

Period: 80 CE (Imperial Rome)

Location: Rome

Materials: Concrete and Stone

Artist: N/A

Column order: Doric bottom, ionic middle, corinthian top

* Oval amphitheater for public entertainment

* 37 degree angle for viewing

* sat 50,000 people

* you could go all day long and see games

* used to have statues under the arches (about 80)

* gola: ticketing area

* vomitorium: where poeple walk in/out of theater

* fornix: arch in colusseum

Pantheon

Period: 117-125 CE (Imperial Rome)

Location: Rome

Materials: granite columns, concrete dome, 

Column order: Corrinthian 

* Temple to all the gods

* centrally located

* single orientation and entrance

* 50 ft single shaft columns (18 total) from Egypt

* Geometry: like a child's drawing of a house

* perfect sphere inside (142 ft diameter)

* hole in the ceiling

* coffered dome

* Arch: 80 ft max span much larger than the parthenon

Forum of Trajan

Period: 106-113 CE (Imperial Rome)

Location: Rome

Artist: Apollodorus 

*Contains: temple of the divine trajan, basilica ulpia, statue of trajan

Augustus Prima Porta

Material: Marble

Period: Imperial Rome

Location: Prima Porta, in Villa Livia

Artist: N/A

*THE image that Augustus prefered

* kind of like Doryphoros - Contrapposto

* boy yet a man, movement, demanding attention

* wearing armor; special, emperor --> like Phidian drapery, but armor

* he's a citizen, barefoot--> simple but divine associations

* held up by cupid and a dolphin

* in Rome, hands were important for rhetoric

Ara Pacis (Altar of Augustan Peace)

Period: 27bce-14 CE (Imperial Rome)

Material: Marble

Location: Rome

*Alter dedicated to Pax, Roman goddess of peace

*outdoor room without a roof

*alter inside the room where sacrifices took place

* relief sculpture on the outside

* Augustus is head of the priesthood

* great depth: 3-4 inch deep carving

* "genre-like": gestures from everyday life

* the entourage/ family, with children

Arch of Titus

Period: 81 CE (imperial Rome)

Location: Rome

Material: Concrete; marble facade

Artist: N/A

* Built in triumph

* Awarded by the Roman senate

* Titus sacked Jerusalem and the temple

* arch with post and lintel references

* 2 reliefs of armies marching, carrying the spoils form the temple

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marcus aurelius on horse

Period: 180 CE (Imperial Rome)

Material: bronze (Great tensile strength)

Location: Rome

* preserved by christians because they thought that it was a statue of Constantine

* only emperors are shown on horses

* in the toga of a citizen

Connection: Similar to Augustus Prima Porta gestures

Villa of Mysteries

Period: 79 CE (Imperial Rome)

Material: Fresco

Location: Near Pompeii

Artist: N/A

* has large wall paintings

* a priestly or religious place for rites

* corners are "activated" by figures interacting with characters on other walls

Villa Livia

Location: Prima Porta (near Rome)

Material: House

Period: 79 CE? (Imperial Rome)

Artist: N/A

* Fresco of a garden

* Statue of Augustus found inside

Basilica of St. Denis

Period: Gothic

Location: Paris, France

Artist: Abbot Suger

Materials: Stone, glass, 

*First Gothic Church

* Rib Vaulting

* Lines of thrust, brick infilling

* Columns do most of the structural support; walls have windows

* allows them to be built very high

myron discobolus

Period: Classical Greek

Material: Bronze, marble

Artist: Myron

Location: throughout Greece/rome 

hermes and the infant dionysus

Period: late classical

Material: Marble

Artist: Praxiteles

Location: found in the temple of Hera, at Olympia

aphrodite of knidos

Artist: Praxiteles

Location: Athens

Period: late classical

Material: Marble

*First female nude

*Contrapossto 

mausoleum at halicarnassus

Location: Turkey

Period: Classical Greek

Material: Marble

Artist: N/A

monument / tomb for Mausolos's wife and sister

Theater at Asklepios

Location: Epidaurus

Material: Limestone seats

Period: Classical greek

come here to talk to epidaurus (God of healing)

interact with nature

acoustaticly brilliant

Assisi Fresco in Basillica of San Francisco

Assisi

Italian Early Renaissance

walls tells story of his life

naturalisitic

Arena Chapel

Giotto (painted fresco)

Italian Early Renaissance

life of vergin mary

spectator inclusion

Merode Alterpiece

Artist: Robert Campin

Period: Northern Early Renaissance

Location: Netherlands

Format: triptych (bc trinity)

Material: oil painting on panel (New medium in the north)

*Middle: virgin Mary being told she's going to have a baby

* takes place in Flemish house. painted in the vernacular

* visible symbolism

* candle snuffed out

* baby christ w the cross

* lily in the vase mary is a garden 1 pt perspective mouse trap is the devil

jan van Eyck self portrait

period: Northern early resaissance

Material: Oil on panel

Location: Netherlands

Artist: self portrait

* self portrait with specificity, looking directly out

* similar to Roman republican busts

* says: I am a great artist

Parthenon Frieze 

* celebrates pan-athenaic procession (every 4 years)

* starts west and moves around both sides

* youths lead, adults and sacrifices follow

* relief sculpture

Athena Nike adjusting Sandal (from parapet on temple of Athena Nike)

Period: Classical Greek

genrae: taken from everyday life

Artist: Kallikrates

Kore from Chios

Period: Archaic Greek (C. 520 BCE)

Material: Marble

Artist: N/A

Location: Chios

*drapery, movement

Arringatore (the Orator)

Material: Bronze

Period: Republican Rome / Hellenistic

Apollo Belvedere 

Classical Greek / Helenisitic?

Contrapposto

Marble

greek statue made in Rome

Lasceaux cave

Period: prehistoric (25000 ~ 15000 BCE)

cave paintings of animals

very end of cave: only representaion of human

East Pediment of Parthenon

middle part blown up

story: birth of Athena from Zues's head

naturalistic representation of movement & action

1) parthenon freize

2) Nike temple balastry

3) Stele of Hegesos

Kore

female figure

Period: archaic greek

material: marble

Trajan Column

Material: marble

Period: Imperial Rome

extended visual narrative of Trajan conquest of Daicians

South facade of Chartres

side facing the city