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| -Babylonian dead of sale -date: 3000 BC (Sumerians) -shows impressions made by stylus in the soft clay -city-states first writing system -cuneform -sumerians wrote on clay since they were between two rivers tigris and euphrates -Mesopotamia -current day Iraq |
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-the White Temple on its ziggurat -time period: Sumerian -date: 3000 BC -whitewashed brick surfaces -honored sky-god Anu,chief of sumerian gods -sits on 40 ft mound constructed by filling in ruins of older temples with brickwork, which suggests the site was sacred -priests and leaders had exclusive access -stepped altar
-Sumerian rulers acted as a priest of the god |
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-Statues from the Abu Temple
Worshipping figures; votive statuettes from the Abu Temple at Tell Asmar (ancient Eshnunna)
-time period: Sumerian
-date: 2700 BCE
-Buried near objects in temple
-Dark inlays of lapis lazuli in eyes
-Seeing was a major communication with gods
-Large eyes were a way of warding off evil in Mesopotamia
-Apotropaic device: enlarged eyes
-probably stood in the temple's cella
-buried near altar along with other objects
-abstract
-standing male figures: horizontal ridges define long hair, the arms hang from wide shoulders, hands are clasped around a cup, narrow chests
-male figures wear fringed skirts hanging from a belt in a stiff cone shape, while the women have full-length drapery
-two larger figures as cult statues of Abu
lapis lazuli
-shows Sumerians trade because lapis lazuli is rare and pricey
-lapis=money/high rank |
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-Time period: Sumerian
-Royal Standard of Ur, front and back sides ca 2600 BCE -shows the succession of events -Four panels of red limestone, shell, and lapis lazuli inlay set in bitumen -Damaged side shows animal scenes, while two larger sections show military victory and a celebration or ritual feast, unfolding in registers (horizontal bands) -Peace side: king is big-figure on left sitting down -celebrating, holding cups -harp shows celebraton -images are flat/2D -shows Sumerians were involved with war -War panel shows charioteers advancing from the left, pulled by onagers and riding over enemy bodies, in middle register infantry soldiers do battle and escort prisoners of war, stripped of armor and clothing. At the top soldiers present the prisoners to a central figure, whose importance the artist signals through his position and through his larger size -expressions of soldiers are not concerned -king is biggest figure on standard -flat figures/3D -Hieratic scale: shows importance through larger size In banquet panel, figures burdened with booty accompany onagers and animals for a feast -In top register the banquet is underway, seated figures raise cups to sound of music from harpist and singer, the larger figure is presumably the kind
-Together the panels epresent the dual aspects of kingship, the king as warrior as priest and mediator with the gods
-The scale on the Standard of Ur tells us the rank (biggest is the king)
-one side celebration, and one side shows war
-first work that tells a story
-narrative art
-no individuality, figures are floating in space
-registers tell a story of peace and war
-funerary objects in tombs
-in Sumerian art the king acted as a priest of the god |
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-Bull lyre from the tomb of Queen Pu-abi
-period: Sumerian/ 2600 BCE
-Harp was made from wood, gold and lapis lazuli
-Carvings on harp show animals doing human tasks (Aesop fable) (Ancient Greek)
-representation of the harp in the actual carvings
-harp is used in banquets and is part of rituals they performed
-wood with gold, lapis lazuli, bitumen, and shell, reassembled in modern wood support
-lapis lazulli is found in Middle East (Iran and Afghanistan)
-necropolis
-place where all the royals are buried
-royal necropolis at Ur
-Inlay panels with mythological scenes, from soundbox of harp (or lyre) from the tomb of Queen Puabi, discovered in the Royal Necropolis at Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq)
-wood inlay shell
-lyre decorated with bull's head of gold and lapis lazuli
-on sounding box, a panel of shell inlaid in bitumen depicts male figure in a heraldic composition, embracing two human-faced bulls and facing a viewer with a frontal glare
-in lower registers, animals perform human tasks such as carrying foodstuffs and playing music
-scenes may have evoked a myth or fable that contemporary viewers knew in written or oral form associated with funerary context
-hybrid creates such as bulls or man with braided snakelike body served an apotropaic function
-apotropaic means having power to evert evil forces |
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-Head of an Akkadian Ruler from Niniveh -period: Akkadians/2200 BCE - belief is that it is a representation of Naram Sin, because they compared to the stele
-Head of Akkadian ruler (Naram-sin) (not sure); made of metal. Amazing it survived. Also inserted the eyes. Modeled the face realistically. Used different textures. -More naturalist and individuality in art -Naram-sin was a king who also conquered Sumerian city-states. -Stele- sculpture where rock is still in original shape speak language that related to hebrew and arabic -not indigenous to area -take over sumerian city states -very militarized people, take over Sumerian cities and they make their own art -Akkadian is more 3D, more details added -in Victory of Naram Sin, there is more movement and action more 3D -Stele of the Victory of Naram-sin was found in Sippar, Babylonia. King still the biggest figure (king seems to be involved in war more than Sumerian king) -Akkadians did not stay long in power (Sumerians take power again) -head of Akkadian ruler is made of copper -permanence and monumentality of king -Akkadian acted as the god and identifies himself as the god -no individuality for the head of Akkadian ruler, no expression, it is idealized, more shadows, looks more rule -copper -Sargon conquered Sumer basing himself in Akkad -Akkadian became language of authority in Mesopotami -combined Sumerian and Akkadian deities, hoping to break down traditional link between city-states and their local gods,to unite loyalty to his rule -grandsom Naram-Sin who expanded Akkadian rule -looks realistic -natural and abstract -know that Sumerians were invaded because of new language -kingship is now god (Akkadian) -kingship is priest of god (Sumerians -same family as Hebrew and Arabic |
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| -Stele of Naram Sin -Period: Akkadian/2218 BCE -stele is a carving on a rock -More naturalist and individuality in art -Naram-sin was a king who also conquered Sumerian city-states. -Stele- sculpture where rock is still in original shape speak language that related to hebrew and arabic -not indigenous to area -take over sumerian city states -very militarized people, take over Sumerian cities and they make their own art -Akkadian is more 3D, more details added -in Victory of Naram Sin, there is more movement and action more 3D -Stele of the Victory of Naram-sin was found in Sippar, Babylonia. King still the biggest figure (king seems to be involved in war more than Sumerian king) -frontality: make it appear unchanging -king is alone in this portrait, which is different when compared to standard the king is involved -testifies to metalwork -precise patterning of hair and beard -strong symmetry, denotes control and order -Themes of power and narrative -Commemorates Naram-Sin’s victory over the Lullabi, people of Zagros mountains -Instead of the story unfolding in registers; it unfolds in ranks of soldiers in composite view, climb the wavy contours of a wooded mountain -Ordered march -Victorious soldiers trample the fallen foe underfoot, the defeated beg for mercy or lie contorted in death -King’s large scale and central position show identity, stands isolated against the background, next to mountain peak that suggests his closeness to the divine -Horned crown marks him as the first king to deify himself -Bold stance marks him as heroic -Eventually this was stolen by the Elamites |
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| -The Code of Hammurabi -period: Hegemony of Babylon/1760 BCE - relief since there is nothing in the background -First written law found in cultures (sets a precedent for others) -Hammurabi’s Code (eye for an eye) carved as a stele on black basalt (comes from somewhere else; trading) (a marker that stands out in the desert) -Image on top of Hammurabi’s Code; Hammurabi is directly talking to the sun god, Shamash (a relief) (gives a sense of three dimensions; lines are slightly diagonal) -Relief- a carving with no background -shows the laws are coming from code -Hammurabi is legitimizing the code -the figures are set up space, moving more towards 3D and representing space on a 2D space, diganol lines of the chair, compared to Sumerian art the guys have a posture -upper part of Stele inscribed with law code of Hammurabi -Remembered for his law code -written in stone -3D -king is vowing to sun god, means laws are backed by god -god is biggest figure -art adds value to laws -shows perspective in the chair -Survives as one of the earliest written bodies of law -Engraved on black basalt reaching over 7 feet -Consists of Akkadian cuneiform -Has account of temples Hammurabi restored -Concerns commercial and property law, domestic issues, questions of physical assault -Hummarabi appears at the top with relief standing with his arm raised in greeted before sun-god Shamash -God’s shoulders emulate sun-rays -God extends hand, holding rope ring and measuring rod of kingship, this gesture unifies both the scene’s composition and the implied purpose of the two protagonists -Variant of intro scene on cylinder seals where goddess leads a human individual with his hand raised in salute -Hammurabi appears without need of a divine intercessor, implying a close relationship with the sun-god -Smaller scale Hammurabi compared to god expresses his status as “shepherd” rather than god himself -Smooth surfaces result in image of divinely ordained power that is inline with Mesopotamian traditions -Like stele of Naram-Sin, Hammurabi’s stele became war booty when the Elamites took over |
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-Palette of King Narmer from Hierakonpolis
-time: Early dynastic period
-uses palette for art, but is also used for makeup
-Narmer unified Egypt
-beginning of art tradition in Egypt
-Narmer is large figure on palette
-Lower Egypt wins over Upper Egypt
-2D figures like standard of war
-king's knees and legs are better drawn
-body is a simple outline, it is symmetric
-guys on bottom are defeated (represents Upper Egypt)
-North side wins
-images placed based on heirarchy
-king's body is perfect
-king is taking a step
-rules of king representation in Egyptian art, canonical art
-falcon in artwork = Horus, protector of pharoah
-Hathor is on top of palette = cow goddess protecting pharaoh
-hieroglyphics
Other side of palette --->
-center shows lower & upper Egypt coming together
-looks like a ceremony
-the people on the right are dead
-shows tamed beasts
-more than 2 feet high
-found in temple of Hierakonpolis, buried with other offering to god of Horus
-hieroglyphs spell out Narmer's name
-on one side, king holds a fallen enemy as he raises his mace-an emblem of kingship
-wears white crown of upper egypts and belt hangs tail of bull, a symbol of power that Egyptian kings would wear
-on the other side, Narmer is in highest register, wearing crown of Lower Egypt
-king was between mortals and gods
-slate |
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| -Group of mastabas -Early dynastic period -came before pyramids -Before pyramids mastabas were built for wealthy people -Person was built in burial chamber under group -period: 4th dynasty -funerary monuments -constructed to endure time -tombs gave the deceased a permanent marker on the landscape -rectangular mud-brick or stone edifice marked and early elite or royal burial -plaster covered its exterior sloping walls -solid mud brick filled with rubble, sometimes it housed a funerary chapel -considered ka to live on in the grave, required place to reside for eternity -mummified bodies -body was placed in sarcophagus (stone coffin) -buried in chamber below mastaba -equipped tombs with objects of daily life for ka's enjoyment -The tombs of kings were located under mastaba, and then pyramids sprung from this idea -Pyramids are one mastaba on top of another |
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| [image][image][image][image][image] |
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-Step pyramid and funerary complex of king djoser designed by Imhotep -early dynastic period -location: Saqqara -Located in West Bank of River Nile -Most ancient necropolis of Egypt -First pyramid commissioned by a king -Stepped mountain -Large platform and getting smaller with each one -The tombs of kings were located in mastaba, and then pyramids sprung from this idea -Pyramids are one mastaba on top of another -Derived from Sumerian Ziggurat -Shows power, association with Ben Ben -Ben-Ben primordial mountain from where the sun rises -from behind Ben-Ben sun rises, associated with creation and the sun -king’s represented themselves as god -Shift from mud brick of mastabas to stone for pyramid -Want something that lasts forever for a place of king -King’s bodies were mummified -Soul was called the Ca -Body was seen as the protector of the soul -In order to ensure body and soul are protected, you need to have your body preserved -Pyramids bring ideas about power, pyramid, connection with Sumerians -Body of pharaoh was underground in burial chamber -Imhotep responsible for design of the step-pyramid --Chancellor of the king --Architect of Djoser -Pyramid was part of a structure design with rituals associated with celebration, funerals -west side was necropolis (city of the dead) -rectangular stone wall stretches over a mile in length -layers were added which led to staircase, where king could ascend to god after death -funerary complex mode of limenstone -papyrus shaped half-columns, north palace
-sun rises east, sets in the west
-sun god Ra, wanted to track his path with the sun,
-necrops on west because that was dead of sun god, living on east because that is where sun god lives |
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-Great Pyramids, Giza
-period: Old Kingdom
-location:Giza
-time period: Old Kingdom
-Built by three kings, Menkure, Khafre, and Khufu
-Khufu (first and largest pyramid)
-Khafre (a somewhat smaller one)
-Menkaure (smallest pyramid)
-burials took place in Nile's west bank
-change in funerary architecture represents a shift in the way Egyptians perceived their rule
-smooth sided pyramid was the shape of the ben-ben, a sacred stone relic in Heliopolis center of the sun cult
-Sponsored pyramids
-Built by kings during Old Kingdom/Early Dynasty period
-Canon is the set of visual rule by which you measure things (lasted during Old Kingdom)
-Canonical traditions
-Everything during the time of the Old Kingdom/Early Dynasty became the standard
-Stayed and changed for 2000 until the Romans conquered Egypt
-Building of stone was very powerful
-Tallest pyramid was the one from Khufu
-Over 2 M blocks of stone
-Each stone weighed 2 stones
-Took a great deal of labor, and transportation
-Great control of forced labor to build
-Pyramids were one small part of the cemetery layout in Giza
-Every pyramid has a path leading to it
-Mastabas surrounded the pyramids
-Pyramid of Khafre
-Has sculpture of great sphinx
-Sphinx was seen as guardian figure
-Need a powerful guardian to protect the tomb
-Bodies of deceased kings were placed in the tomb chamber
-Had to design ways to trick thieves
-There was a false tomb chamber underneath Pyramid
-Thieves wanted to steal valuables buried with kings in the tomb
-Had to put blocks on top of chamber
-Pyramids were loaded with images on the pharaoh
-Ka statues were placed in connection with burials of pharaoh (soul statues)
-This was the spare body if the spirit of pharaoh got lost
Funerary statues
-Sphinx
-Located outside of the pyramid of Khafre
Half lion, half man
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limestone |
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-Great Sphinx
-resemblance of Khafre
-location: Giza
-period: Old Kingdom
-material:limestone
-Located outside of the pyramid of Khafre
-Half lion, half man
-Head of Pharaoh Khafre
-All pharaohs have headdress
-Fake beard that was attached |
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-Sculpture of Khafra -location: Giza -period: Old Kingdom -material: diorite -Idealized -Absolute symmetry -timeless figure -diorite stone -stone from south -hard stone -shiny stone -had to represent someone immortal -wanted statue to capture eternity -Bird/ falcon on the back of the king -Falcon was associated with Horus (protector of the Pharaoh) -Canonical way of Egyptian art -Standardized way of representing the pharaoh -neatly expresses kingship -king's muscular form indicates power -agelessness shows feature of eternity -intertwined plants are indigenous to both Lower and Upper Egypt, indicated territorial reach of royal authority and the unity of the land -diorite comes from deserts of Nubia
-wanted statue to always be there, so that the body of the pharaoh could live on
-stiff posture, canon |
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-Sculpture of Menkaure and his wife
-Queen Khamerenbty II
-Giza
-shares important features with statue of Khafra
-time period: Old Kingdom
-Standing still
-Canonical ways of showing Egyptian art, by showing figures taking a step
-Ground line
-The stiff positioned of the figures and the symmetry adds to eternity of the image
-The wife is hanging on to the king
-Pharoah is taller than the queen
-No intimacy between king and queen, looks like she is saying she belongs to him
-both figures have same height, frozen in motionless stride with left foot forward
-king is more muscular, half nude |
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| -Sculpture of seated scribe -statue of Kay -location:Saqqara -period: Old Kingdom - found in mastaba -painted limestone -Statue of scribe -Different from statue of pharaoh -Not as much symmetry -He is portrayed in worse trait of the pharaoh -Less physically perfect, non perfect body -Sitting on the floor and not on the throne -Different material -More individualistic -Eyes are vivid -Different conventions used for statues -more relaxed and naturalistic -scribe had high status, artist depicted figure seated on the floor in the act of writing -shows an official who has succeeded in his career, eats well, and relies on subordinates to do physical work on his behalf |
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-Ti watching a hippo hunt -Saqqara -period: old kingdom -painted limestone relief
-power over nature -high official during the 5th Dynasty -shows correlation between rank and degree of naturalism -Ti stands on a boat in papyrus, observing a hippo hunt -stands rigidly in traditional composite view -legs and head in profile, torso and eye frontal, while hunters attack their prey -birds and foxes freely rome -Paintings in tombs represented life of the deceased -Guy in painting is a member of aristocracy because he does not have headress -Action of the hunting represented where his slaves are hunted -Pharoah is stiff, timeless and not in motion because he is not about eternity -Located in mastaba since he is not a royal -room prepared with plaster and painted on -vegetation above water, people on boat, underwater hippos -conceptual approach -scenes of hunting represented in tombs -looking at narratives/ storytelling in Egyptian art -canon of funerary art -artists w/ operated choices -figures in paintings are flatter |
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-Head of Sesostris III -no longer perfect figure of statue -period:Middle kingdom -more individualized- not much art in middle kingdom which means there was civil unrest during time period -quartzite -man depicted of age -as facial expressions became more naturalistic in royal images of this time, so the canon of proportions changed too
-when they started to bury kings in tombs on the side of mountains |
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-Temple of Hatshepsut
-period: New Kingdom
-Ra is a male sun god
-Hatshepsut represented herself in male fashion
-Portrayed herself as a man with insignia as a Pharaoh
-Refers to herself as the daughter of the sun god, Ra
-Senenmut created funerary structure
-Enriched by a garden
-Tomb of Hatshepsut is in the cliff
-Cliffs were covered with vegetation, used exotic plants from ---Ethiopia, Africa, Yemen
-Third level of structure: was temple dedicated to sun god Ra
-Everything in the tomb was destroyed, because Hatshepsut was hated after she died
-There are inscriptions of her
-example of new kingdom funerary temple
-chief wife of Thutmose III, he passed away and she rule with son
-location: cliffside at Deir el-Behri |
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| -Kneeling figure of Queen Hatshepsut -period: new kingdom -red granite statues -inscription shows the king is presenting order to Amun -she wears a regalia of a male king, false bears -depicted without breasts - back to original canon, no individuality, reestablishes old kingdom canon |
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-Akhenaten -period: Amarna Period -His art moves away from the canonical art -He has a stomach -Pharaohs were not as idealized as old art -He commissioned the structure -Break with tradition, break with convention -He created a new religion -He picked the sun god, Ra -He destroyed the images of gods that existed at the time in other areas -Lived in Upper Egypt, Amarna -Took place during Amarna period -Changed religion, the way of understanding kingship, changed the way the pharaoh was represented -The crown -Introduced realism -Image is not gender dominant -Reflected that the sun is genderless
- reincarnation of the sun god,and said he was reincarnate - changed sun gods name from Ra to Aten |
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| -Akkhenaten and his family -period: Amarna period -three oldest daughters in picture -garden pavillion -emphasis on children epitomizes regeneration that royal couple represent -king as manifestation of Aten -Picture with children (first time) -Blessed by sun god Akhenaten -Difference in size between ruler and his wife -Show a different kind of artistic interest in tradition - stray from canon - look the same beyond gender - sun in far right corner, protects them because he is reincarnation of sun god -hold his children is different and new intimacy with wife that has not been seen - most pharaohs were portrayed as standing alone |
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| -Sculpture of Queen Nefertiti -period: Amarna Period -painted limestone -Bust of Queen Nefertiti -Comes from capital of Amarna kingdom -Headdress -Lots of color, takes the timeless factor out of it -Usually see color associated with figures who are not royal (the scribe) -Realistic portrait of a pharaoh's wife -Made from stones that were pigmented -When they died art went back to what it was before -bust remained unfinished -still derives from sculptor's command of geometry, face is symmetrical and subtile - sophisticated grace |
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| -Tomb and Cover of the coffin of Tutankhamun -period: New Kingdom -King Tut -10 when he became king -coffins preserved the kings mummified corpse -gold -restored old religion -Taste of antechamber -Found by archaeologist that opened it -A lot of furniture, chests, chariot, stools, pieces that supported wooden furniture -King Tut was mummified -King Tut was put in a series of coffins -Funerary masks placed on the body -Used material that was to capture the semblance of the pharoah -Lapiz lazuilli was used by the beard -Lapiz was found from Iran -Lapis lazulli symbolizes mix with middle eastern world -Cat scans on his body -Had a double clef palette -Died young -Found a wound -He may have died from an infection -Cat scan of King Tut’s body - tomb was untouched -funerary mask -buried in 3 scarcaphogi buried in gold - New kingdom was a prosperous time because of gold and jewels |
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| -Harpist -Time Period: -Aegean Art Cycladic Art -Cyclades -period: Cycladic Art -Music was an important part of the ancient world -crafted for funerary prupose, or represent servants for human sacrifice, or even body of deceased -geometric forms -luscious white marble -think it was an early representation of the god Apollo |
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| -time period:Cycladic, Aegean art -Don’t have a stand so they must have been out laid down next to dead figure -Not sure if these were figures of gods and goddesses -Some images represent deceased others represent things -marble -period: Cycladic Art -location: Aegean Sea - made of marble - put in tombs, used for funerary purposes - |
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-Island of Crete, Island of Thera
-period: Minoan Art
-Palace of Minos
-No walls on top of a citadel
-Means they felt safe, no threat of war
-Looked like a Labyrinth
-Historians thought of the Theseus myth
the legend captures an environment where there was a sacrifice
-linked labyrinth in the myth
-minotaur
-Found the Palace of King Minos
-Called the period Minoan after the king
-Thriving city due to its position in the Mediterranean
-Minoan, is named after King Minos and the myth of Minotaur
-courts, halls. shrines
-wall paintings with vibrant colors
-buon fresco
-King called Minos, was legendary
-Discussed in later literary sources from Greece
-Used guidance of ancient texts
-Started to excavate a citadel
-Every city had a wall around it
-No wall around city, may have felt protected because they are an island
-Labyrinths
-Evans excavated
-Creatures in Minotaur, half cow/half human
-Palace of King Minus
-Human offerings had to be made, to be fed to the Minotaur
-Theseus killed Minotaur with help of friends
-Labyrinth at Palace of Knossos
-Earthquakes happened
Eruption of the volcano at Thera 1680 BC
Used their own alphabet → Linear Script A and Linear Script B
-Crete was another independent civilization that developed its own language and script
In Knossos
Labyrinth
-Aegean Sea
-Eruption of the volcano at Thera, caused earthquakes that caused disruptions at old palace, so palace was rebuilt
-Did not have a protective wall
-Built on acropolis
-Palace was a bunch of courtyards with open spaces
-Follows profile of the hill
-Lots of open space palace |
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| -The Queen’s Megaron -Minoan Art -Ca.1700-1300 BCE -in queen's palace -Megaron is a part of the house inhabited by the women -Best preserved painting in the Palace of Crete -Fresco- painted on wet plaster, it lasts longer and the color is brighter -Egyptian art commemorated people with Minoan commemorated nature (dolphins, lots of blues, greens, reds) -Crete -Paintings from Palace of Minos, Knossos -The decoration fit the environment inhabited by group of people -16th-15th BCE -Fresca painting: technique when you paint walls when plaster is still fresh -Painting lasts longer when you paint when plaster is wet -Paintings do not peel off the wall -Scenes of natural environment -Palette and pigments used are pigments of the island Crete -Red = soil of the island |
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| -Bull jumping fresco The Toreador fresco from the Palace at Knossos Crete -Minoan Art ca.1400 BCE -Found in Thera, with the volcano -Rooms painted with fresco, same pallet of colors -Again, represents nature (flowers and birds) house -important relationship with volcano with island of Crete, -eruption at Santorini triggered the collapse -Blue in background was added -All paintings in the palace are frescos -Bull was important in Crete because of story of minotaur -Bull jumping was important -Size of bull compared to size of acrobats around them -In Egypt, Ti was bigger compared to animals -No hierarchy in painting -The people in image are in movement, in Ti they were in standardized painting -Colors are same as Queen’s Megaron -blues, brown -Invoked color palette of the landscape -Lack of a ground line -Movement of paintings -Dynamic energy, action, different color range -Male and female involvement |
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| -Landscape mural of the Delta House -Spring fresco -Thera -Minoan Art -ca.1600-1500 BCE -Found houses with rooms that were painted with frescos that are comparable to Crete (with nature, color, movement) -Minoan civilization had an impact in the islands -Small houses on this island -Rooms painted with fresco, same pallet of colors -Again, represents nature (flowers and birds) -During Minoan period, pottery was made with ceramic -Celebrated nature and lack of symmetry and design -Stone vases found that celebrates the harvest -Later, we don’t find the same material art (stopped making things related to Minoan culture) |
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| -Octopus vase -Minoan Art -from Crete -ca.1500 BCE -Can relate frescas to buildings (celebration to nature, sea) -Natural lack of symmetry in design -Natural way of interpreting design |
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| -Mycenaean Art -Lion Gate -Mycenae -Greece -ca.1250 BCE -Also called Cyclopean walls, called that because they are huge walls -Very well fortified citadel -Only two gates (lion is main gate) -Constructed staggered blocks to make a corbel construct which is in place of a rounded arch -In the middle of corbel, a symbol of power with a column is portrayed -corbel arch is where the blocks are staggered -Didn’t know how to make a rounded arch so it formed a triangle -Also called Cyclopean walls -Very well fortified citadel -Only two gates (lion is main gate) -Constructed staggered blocks to make a corbel construct which is in place of a rounded arch -In the middle of corbel, a symbol of power with a column is portrayed -Didn’t know how to make a rounded arch so it formed a triangle -Main entrance to city of Mycenae -Main gate done with building technique called Corbel Construction -Emblem of the city is two lions with a central column -There were no greek temples during this time -Representation of a column was very symbolic of the power of the ruler/lineage of king -Habitation traces outside of city walls -dromos - very warlike people -two lions standing on the column |
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Definition
| -Necropolis of Mycenae -Mycenae -Mycenaean Art -Necropolis found outside the city (first burial tomb found in Greece or Mediterranean) -Tholos shaped tomb (circular), was an antechamber to burial chamber -Disguised under mounds of soil, hills -made of stone blocks -Precious items found -Not sure where the idea came from (Egypt?) unique to Greece -Linked to war; money from loot, forced labor from prisoners of war -two tombs in Mycenae -two tombs of the founders of the city -ca.1300-1250 BCE -Necropolis found outside the city (first burial tomb found in Greece or Mediterranean) -Tholos shaped tomb (circular), was an antechamber to burial chamber -Disguised under mounds of soil, hills -Precious items found -Not sure where the idea came from (Egypt?) unique to Greece -Linked to war; money from loot, forced labor from prisoners of war -Necropolis -Tomb of Mycenae -First time in Greece there was a trace of monumental features -Practice of developing tombs were in Mycenae not Aegean -Tumuli -Inside the hill is a hallway leading inside structure disguised by the hill -Made of stone/brick, looks like a cone -Tholos: cone shape -Tholos tomb -Strange feature of Mycenaean Civilization -Corridor called Dromos -Entrance -Burial chamber -Huge space when you enter inside -Cone shape -Light comes in from the entrance -Some of the tombs must have been of kings because of precious items found -Tholos open space/antechamber to burial chamber -Objects in Tholos -Big buildings mean a lot of money and control of forced labor -Forced labor and big monuments means war, because there was a lot of loot -Made with technique of corbelled arch -First arches in architectural history -Gold objects in tombs in connection with kings |
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Term
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Definition
| -Mask of Agamennon -Mycenae -Mycenean Art -ca.1600-1500 BCE -put gold leaf on his face so it formed to his face -Found in one of the tombs in the cities -Funerary mask made to the deceased king -Applied gold leaf to face of dead king and an impression was made on gold -Believed to be Agamemnon -Agamemnon is one of the main characters in the Trojan war -found in tomb of Mycenae -king mentioned in Iliad, find proof of story celebrating Iliad -found mask in the tomb in the city -Tells us that funerary masks were made of deceased kings -Gold leaf to face -Impressions of king left on gold surface -Could be mask of Agamemnon (king of Mycenae) -Excessive gold used in burial, speaks for power of king |
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Term
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Definition
| -inlaid dagger found Phylos -Mycenaean Art -16th C BC -bronze,gold,silver -Large emphasis on warfare -Tombs found with weapons with elaborate craftsmanship -Hunting scene on dagger -Hunting is associated with funerary art (continue an activity they did in life) (power over nature, defeated danger) (nature was symbolic of the afterlife) -Beautiful designs with hunting scenes for animals Theme of Hunt of Ti was auspicious -Images in tombs to continue activities of dead -Images in tombs show that they defeat unknown nature of afterlife -Large emphasis on warfare -Tombs found with weapons with elaborate craftsmanship -Hunting scene on dagger -Hunting is associated with funerary art (continue an activity they did in life) (power over nature, defeated danger) (nature was symbolic of the afterlife) |
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Term
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Definition
| -Dipylon vase -Geometric time period -after fall of Mycenaean emipire -8th c. BCE -Start of the traditional Greek Art (not Minoan or Mycenean) -Tombs of important people found with pottery in them, no longer gold or finery -Pictures on the Vase depicting dead and mourning people -Looks like Egyptian Art (art starts all over again) (does not look like previous Aegean Art) -Focused on simplified figures and geometric figures are shown) (stereotypical Grecian lines) -Rebirth of art in Greece after Bronze Age -Everything reverts back to village life -Funerary art in tombs appear again -Ceramic art -Kerameikos cemetery -Rebirth of artistic traditions in Greece -No more gold or daggers and lots of pots and ceramic -Rebirth of greek art associated with ceramic -Don’t know what happened but clearly trade stopped in Aegean Sea during Trojan Sea -Rebirth of trade may have a had a new business economy -Eventually things started again -Vases next to body of deceased -Images on ceramic represent images of people -Dead guy laying down -Guys near bed are mourning -Images look like ancient egyptian art as far as symmetry -Tradition of realism goes away -Symbolic artistic form that has nothing that was done before -Everything starts all over again -Vases are in a geometrical patterns -Linked to geometrical motive representing human figure -Compared to Minoan art, it seems that these people were not aware |
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Term
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Definition
| -Archaic Time Period -Ground plan of the Greek temple and diagram with Doric and Ionic styles in elevation -Doric Order --Bigger, grand temples -dont have continuous narrative on frieze because triglyphs interrupt the story -photo album story -Temple of Poseidon is Doric Order -Simple capital (top of column) -Frieze is the upper part of the temple above the columns -Triglyph are three decorated vertical lines with the metope in the middle (plane or decorated panel) -Pediment are the triangular tops of the temples filled with statues are carvings -Parthenon Ionic Order -Smaller temples -Has an ornate capital called volute -tells the whole movie on frieze -Missing triglyph, has a whole panel to carve; the frieze is a continuous picture uninterrupted -metopes -frieze could have a decorated panel running around -can have a continuous narrative frieze |
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Term
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Definition
-Kroisos, Kouros from Anavysos
-540-525 BCE
-Archaic
-Used as a grave marker
-Didn’t have a large interest in tombs and elaborate burials
-Young man put on top of the tomb of a warrior who died in battle
-Looks very Egyptian
-Symmetrical
-Taking a step, emotionless, hands in fists, stiff body
-Has the “archaic smile”; a little half smile used on statue faces
Doesn’t have clothing
-Not anchored to a heavy base like Egyptians
-Says stay and mourn at the tomb of Kroisos
-Shown naked because the gods are naked; perfect body houses perfect soul
-Archaic Period
-Interest in human form
-Goes from representation of geometric vases to sculpture of human
-Perhaps the Greeks looked at Egypt for inspiration with human figure
-One of the first sculptures of human during Archaic period
-Images of young men were used in Greece as grave markers
-Put a statue of a young man on a young warrior who had died in war
-Meant to evoke greatness and physical of warrior buried in tomb
-Similar to Egyptian art (symmetry, taking a step, canonical, emotionless, abstract form)
-Strange smile relates to all other sculptures in Greek art = Archaic period
-Term Archaic is given to art historians that relates to sculptures with thick smiles and stance
-Hair has curls
-Hair and the eyes have color
-Greeks mixed pigment with wax in order to add color to stone sculpture = encaustic
-The figure is free and is not trapped it is fully 3D
-Greeks like to make a realistic figure that is still idealized
-Greeks like to make a realistic figure that is still idealized
-Body is represented in a naturalistic way
-Description on body says stay and mourn at statue of Kroisos
-Kroisos Kouros (youth) = Young Kroisos
-Kouros used for young tomb markers
-Why the nakedness?
-Greek gods are naked in greek art
-A perfect body is the house of greatness
Archaic smile |
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Term
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Definition
-Archaic Art
-Kore from Chios
-Peplos Kore
-520 BCE,
-Different from men; not perfect bodies, almost column like
-Statues of women would also function as columns
-Facial expressions are identical (small smile)
-Encaustic used to paint figure
-Women are always dressed; modest
-Young women represented in sculpture
-More rigid, column like
-Kore means young women
-Status of women were donated to temples of greek goddesses in antiquity
-Similar face to Kroisos Kouros
-Archaic smile, encaustic used to paint figure
-Female figures are always dressed until the Hellenistic Period
-Dresses were painted with encaustic
-Women were dressed for modesty
-Women did not have a social life, and did not engage in public activities
-Changing fashion in women, 500 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| -Archaic Art - pediment on temple of Artemis-Central portion of the West Pediment -Temple of Artemis at Corfu, c.600-580 BCE -reconstruction drawing -One of the oldest temple, older than Italy -Island of Kerkyra -Donated to Temple of Artemis -We only have the pediment left of the temple -Great felines on the side -Great figure in the center -Goddess connected to temple -Medusa is on the pediment in the center next to felines -Medusa was a Gorgon, a female figure with snakelike hair, venomous snakes -If you stared at Medusa she would turn you into stone Beheaded by Perseus, who used the head as a weapon Eventually the head was given to goddess of Athena -One of the first pediments in Greece represents the image of the scary goddess -Archaic smile, body is represented as if she is engaged -Doric Order -The temple is not standing anymore -The oldest temple in Greece -The first effort to put statues in the pediment -The statue in the pediment is of Medusa -Medusa has the archaic smile -very posed, looking right at you -medusa is the tallest figure |
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Term
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Definition
| -Archaic Art -Gigantomachy -Treasury of the Siphnians - (530 BCE) and reconstruction drawing -Ionic order, frieze all around the temple -Loved telling stories and myths in the frieze of the ionic temple -Found in Delphi (very important city) (oracle of Delphi and god Apollo) -Treasuries were where the offerings of certain people were held (this treasury was named after the Siphnians because it held Siphnian offerings) -each city-state had its own treasury -people would objects as offerings to the gods -Many treasuries in competition with each other -Frieze battle scene between the giants (not actual giants) and the Gods -Grecians were obsessed with the human body (shows power, strength, and symmetry) -Always wanted order because order was cosmos (good) and chaos was bad -To get the intensity of the scene, the feet of the carving are overlapped (very 3-D) -Totally expressionless except for archaic smile (even on the soldiers and dead) -6th century Greeks explore architecture -Develop an interest in narrative/story telling art -Very first visual narrative -Best way to do story telling and images is to use the frieze of an ionic temple -You can carve pictures into the frieze -City of Delphi |
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Term
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Definition
-Archaic Art
-Sectional view of the temple of Aphaia at Aegina and Reconstruction of the east
-pediment, figs. 5.22
-During the transition from the archaic period, one monument was built
-Aphaia was a local goddess
-Still stands today, half collapsed
-Doric Order
-Tried to add movement to the pediment and a story instead of stiff figures
-Story depicts a battle between the Greeks and Persians (archenemies) |
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Term
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Definition
-Archaic Art
-Aegina: Temple of Aphaia: Ext.:
-East Pediment
-Dying Warrior (King Laomedon)
-front, marble |
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Term
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Definition
-Archaic Art Period
-Athena flanked by Warriors
-Late Archaic
-central group from west pediment, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
-Athena is the tallest figures flanked by warriors, on the pediment
-Athena is stiff, archaic period, posed and is looking foward
-the soldiers around her are turned and have movement, and the limbs are moving
-The muscles are strongly displayed when the soldiers are turned and fighting
-Very revolutionary to have the bodies move that way, some limbs hanging out of the pediment
-Still have the archaic smile
-statue pediments: soldiers are start of classical period, they still have archaic smile but are moving |
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Term
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Definition
-Archaic Period
-Fallen Warrior: figure from R. angle of W. pediment
-Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
-marble
-Archaic
-archaic smile
-not posed
-laying down and dying
-sword in heart |
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Term
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Definition
| -Archaic Period -handles amphora -Achilles and Ajax playing dice- black figured amphora signed by Exekias -amphora is a vase -Used for carrying liquids (water or wine) -World renowned for their amphoras; rich ceramic tradition -Made of clay and painted -Many would not have survived but the Etruscans bought these amphoras and put them in their tombs -Painted the amphora black and left a strip of the original color; figures were painted in black and carved with ornate detail -Figures on this amphora are Achilles and Ajax -Rigid position and slight archaic smile -Black figure Amphora -Vases were called Amphora -Used for carrying liquids, water or wine -Greeks thought people who drank just wine without water were barbarians -Greek drank wine out of this at parties -Used at Symposiums (party) -Smart people gathered at symposiums -Shows rich tradition of Greeks -Black figure style -Hard to represent details on black figures -Carved ornaments on black figures -Amphoras figures were painted in black or red -Achilles and Ajax playing draughts -Achilles on left and Ajax on right playing dice Tesara -Guys are very rigid -scratched into surface -Etruscans loved these vases and put them in their tombs |
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Term
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Definition
| -Archaic Time Period -Euthymides vases -Located in Greece -Dancing revelers, red figured amphora -Archaic -Found in Etruscan necropolis -Eulhymides -Greek pottery -Vase was painted -Rich and sophisticated time period -Funerary bounds for deceased -Etruscans put objects in their necropolis -Painted around the figures; all of it black and people are original color; allowed for more detail; red figure vase -Still in archaic period but starting to show movement -painted around the figure -not scratched into surface -painted it black, and then used a tool to get the figure to show |
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Term
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Definition
-Classical time period
-Dyskobolos, Roman copy after an original by Myron, 450 BCE
-Discus thrower
-creater Myron
-marble
-shows an athlete
-When artists is celebrated the artist name is included in statute
-5th century
-Challenged space
-Olympic athlete
-Effort is concentrated on muscles
-No sign of strenuous action in face
-Stopped motion
-Contrapposto while in movement
-Olympic athlete
-Also Roman copy
-Everything is perfect; can see the effort
-Clearly studies bodies, anatomy, and muscles
-Expression is dreamy; not like he is throwing a disc; idealized faces with no individuality |
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Term
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Definition
| -Classical -Warrior Hero - from the sea off Riace -Italy 450 BCE -only original greek statue found in bronze -any statue in marble is a roman copy -Symmetrical, contrapposto -Made in bronze, no Roman copy -Found on a shipwreck in Italy -Less detail on face but body is very detailed Realism -Face is not individualized, face is emotionless -Silver teeth or eyes -bronze is made of copper of tin |
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Term
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Definition
-Doryphoros, Roman copy after an original by Polykletos
-Classical time period
-Doryphoros statue
-5th century
-Doryphoros means the spear holder
-Spear makes reference to olympic athlete or warrior
-Perfect bodies play around young warrior/athlete
-Compete naked in olympic games
-Polyclitus: recognized Greek sculptor
-Idea of symmetry and sculpture is strongly articulated, have to make sure the bodies are all in proportion
-One arm straight and bend the other, one leg straight and bend the other leg →contrapposto (Renaissance came up with this term)
-Way of articulating a figure
-Contrapposto represents Classical art
-Symmetry, balance, realism, 3D, perfection capture by image
-Sculpture in original form made of bronze usually
-In later times, the image was melted and reused
-Sculptures did not survive antiquity
-Romans realized that classical art was great
-Romans loved greek art
-Copies of greek sculptures made in Roman time
-Symmetry, balance, 3-D, perfection
-Set a standard
-Many of the statues were made of bronze and the Romans copied these sculptures and put them in marble; bronze sculptures were melted down for other things
-All body parts must be balanced and proportional; contrapposto (means counter position)- if one leg is bent, then the other is straight |
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Term
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Definition
| -Parthenon is the big temple on the Acropolis, which is the hill overlooking the city of Athens -Akropolis monuments -Parthenon and sculpt.details -Classical Period -Classical period Begins with the sack of Athens by the Persians in the 480 BC. Greece is organized in city-states that ally with each other. Under the leadership of Pericles, the city of Athens in Attic becomes the cultural and political center of Greece. -Architecture: Pericles rebuilds the Acropolis, the sacred area at the core of Athens that was destroyed by the Persians - parthenon translates as virgin goddess, Athena is known as virgin goddess -Athena and Poseidon fought over who would be champion god over Athens, Athena won -In Parthenon in the cella she has a huge statue made of gold and ivory -cella is the main part of the temple where god or goddess is located -metopes has the centaur killing the man -pediment is the statue of the gods (3 goddesses w/ dresses and dionysus holding wine) |
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Term
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Definition
-Parthenon
-Classical Time Period
-Was interesting because on the inside there was a narrative frieze all around the temple, usually was associated with ionic order
-The Parthenon (448-432 BCE), dedicated to the goddess Athena was the centerpiece of the new Pericles’s Acropolis, with fabulous architectural decorations (frieze with the Panathetic festival, metopes with battles between centaurs and Lapiths, pediments with the birth of Athena, and Athena and Poseidon).
-The Propylaia were built as a monumental entranceway to the Acropolis.
-The united league of Greek city states was called Delian League, used the money collected to rebuild Athens, lead to fights among the Greeks, Persians began to also fight
-Doric Order?
-Architects: Ictinus & Callicrates
-Metopes and Triglyphs on the outside
-Pediment is the triangle part of the rough
-Metopes are carved
-Sculpture in Pediment
-Attach a narrative frieze to the cella of the temple
-Back room used for goodies given to goddess
-Applied a carved narrative frieze all around the cella
-Themes of Athena vs. Poseidon
-Battles between centaurs and lapiths, represent fight between Greek and Persians
-Athena represent birth of Athens
-Sculptor: Fidius
-Triglyphs (three bands)
-Metopes feature centaur and youth, 4 sides, North, South, East and West
-Snapshot between centaur and lapis
-Compared to Archaic statue of naked man
-No archaic smile, more expression
-More movement for the figures on the metopes at Parthenon
-3D hints to motion
-Motion is idealized, very posed, very balanced, symmetrically arranged
-Represent death and complexity of two bodies
-Shows layering
-Numerical ratio in order to make temples look perfect
-Can be found in Britain
-Statue of Athena in Cela was made of gold and ivory
-Most of the metopes can be found in the British Museum
-Centaur and youth is a metope sculpture; don’t have archaic smile; they are moving; more realistic; still symmetrical
-The frieze around the inside has many horses and procession, people bringing gifts and textiles; Zeus watching from above.
-Statues on the pediment are laying down (Dionysus) and also not posing front (a difference between the classical and archaic period);
-Statues of three goddesses are draped with a dress compared to the Kore). |
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Term
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Definition
-Athens (Acropolis): Parthenon: Ref.: Athena Parthenos: Phidias Model of the lost statue
-Classical period
-Made of gold and ivory
-Delian league was upset by this since this is where their money is going |
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Term
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Definition
-Metopes feature centaur and youth, 4 sides, North, South, East and West
-Snapshot between centaur and lapis
-Compared to Archaic statue of naked man
-No archaic smile, more expression
-More movement for the figures on the metopes at Parthenon
3D hints to motion
-Motion is idealized, very posed, very balanced, symmetrically arranged
-Represent death and complexity of two bodies
Shows layering
-Numerical ratio in order to make temples look perfect |
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Term
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Definition
-Athens (Acropolis): Parthenon: Ext.: N Cella Frieze; Panathenaic 33; "Riders 101-103
-Classical time period
-Athens (Acropolis): Parthenon
-Classical period
-Procession begins to the west and it goes around the Cella
-Represents realistic unfolding of the ceremony
-Shows people of Athens showing homage to the goddess
-People standing and giving gifts to goddess
-Goes through Propylaea to bring gifts to temple
-Every greek temple is only open to the East |
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Term
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Definition
-Parthenon: E. pediment
-Classical time period
-Three Goddesses
-Came to represent birth of Athena
-Compared to Kora
-Drapery follows the form of the body
-3D
-In Classical period they go for realistic form
-Figures play with space |
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Term
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Definition
-Athens (Acropolis): Parthenon:
-east pediment "Birth of Athena" Front Dionysus
-Classical time period
-No frontality
-Represents realism |
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Term
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Definition
-Erechtheion
-Classical time period
-The place where Athena and Poseidon had the competition to be the champion of Athens
-Has a porch attached (the Porch of the Maidens); women used as columns
-Ionic order
-symmetrical, not much emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| -late Classical time period Corinthian -Corinthian Order, became canonized during the Hellenistic period |
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Term
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Definition
| -Late classical time period -Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles -Roman copy -First naked woman in Greek art -Someone spotted her after a bath (water basin with dress in hand) -Shy and timid; showed more emotion and posture is different; highlights feelings -Made by Praxiteles -Technically only piece in Late Classical period represents breaking of symmetry during classical period -Corresponds to political order in Greece -After the Hegemony of Athens there was inner warfare Peloponnesian War traumatized citizens of Greece -Persians come back and try to conquer Greece -Captures humanizing, Greeks start to show emotion and portray what is going on in their culture with their artwork rather than making everything look perfect -amphora vase in picture -no contrappasto |
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Term
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Definition
| -Hellenistic time period -Altar of Zeus -West front of the Great Altar of Zeus at Pergamon and sculpture of Athena and Alkyoneus from the great frieze -Alexander the Great came to power and unified Greece; no more city-states but empire -Found all over the world where Alexander’s empire was -This one was built after the death of Alexander -Built during the reign of King Eumenes II in the first half of the 2nd century BC. -The carvings depicted the battle in terms of mythology where giants fight gods. Eumenes was victorious. -Very theatrical structure; powerful display -Broke the temple order because of the pictures on the bottom (ionic order) -Total chaos; no balance, order, or symmetry -Wanted to build something as powerful as the people of Athens did -German archaeologists took it back to Berlin Breaks orders -Not like a greek temple -Rectangular -Huge staircase -Typical greek temples have four stairs -Meant to be a powerful display altar is up on top in temple Images on the bottom of the temple -Typically greek temples have the image on the frieze -Carved in high relief -Depicts battles between the gods -Zeus, Pergamon, Athena -No balance, no symmetry, no order, images are cropped -Only see a slice of the battle -Drama emerges from the hellenistic period -Perfect bodies exaggerated -Different engagement -Ionic order Order -Became canonized during the Hellenistic period |
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Term
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Definition
-Hellenistic time period
-Dying Gaul
-Roman marble copy. The original was commissioned between 230 and 220 by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Galatians, Celtic, or Gaulish people
-Original was in bronze
-Saw the Celts as barbarians because they didn’t speak Greek.
-Statue is shown with wild hair to show their unkempt manner.
-Shown as a fierce warrior which elevated the Greek army’s power and status
-Dying and not looking at us; first one not looking at the audience; pain is on his face; holding his hand to his leg to stop blood flow
-Naked except for a necklace; Greek men don’t wear necklaces
-Roman marble copy of a lost sculpture in bronze. The original was commissioned between 230 and 220 BC by Attalus I of Pergamon to celebrate his victory over the Galatians, Celtic or -Gaulish people in Anatolia.
-Sculpture was Epigonos
-Gauls were people of celtic descent who ended up in Turkey
-Greek people saw their enemies or people who did not speak --Greek were referred to as barbarians
-If you do not groom yourself, you have crazy hair
-Philosophers always are represented with crazy hair
-Barbarians did not take care of themselves in the conventional manner
-Represented the enemy as a strong dying warrior, which means the Greeks were great warriors to be able to defeat warrior
-Shows human feelings, human, emotions and drama
-Broken sword
-Trying to keep blood from coming out of his leg
-You can see the pain of the guy who is dying
-Naked, except for necklace known as a torque
-Greek men would never wear jewelry, which associates to non Greek people
-Different engagement |
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Term
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Definition
-Hellenistic time period
-Nike of Samothrace
-Greece
-marble
-Nike is the goddess of victory
-They most likely won a battle or a war
-Can be found in the Louvre
-Meant to celebrate a naval battle
-Was a monument built on the shape of the ship
-Sealed the naval victory
-Part of a monument shape of a ship
-Supposed to look like she is flying down and blessing the ship with victory
-Shows the treatment of motion
-Birds wings
-Very theatrical statue
-Goddess of Victory
-Probably won a battle or war so this statue was made to commemorate the victory (sea battle)
-Represented as flying down, shows a ton of movement
-Her wings look like a bird; very realistic
-Her body is very realistic |
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