Term
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Definition
a. After Caesar was assassinated in 44 BCE, there was a long struggle for power.
b. Octavian and Mark Antony had previously shared the rule of Rome as "triumvir".
c. In 31 BCE, after a quarrel between the two, Mark Antony and Cleopatra sent out a naval fleet which was quickly destroyed by Octavian (the Battle of Actium), who emerged the ruler of the Roman world. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Augustus is the title given to Octavian in 27 BCE.
b. He connected himself as much as possible with Caesar and Apollo.
c. In 23 BCE he took over complete power (signaling the end of the Republic) and gained the right to veto legislation.
d. Reign: 27 BCE- 14 CE
e. During his reign, the quarries are Carrara (in northwest Italy) were developed. This meant that Romans could use marble from Italy instead of imports from Greece.
f. He supported building in and expansion of the Roman Empire. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Built during the reign of Augustus and is somewhat similar to the forum of Julius Caesar, which Augustus also completed.
b. Each side of the forum has a colonnade, and behind each is a semi-circular apse called an exedra.
c. The focus of the forum was the Temple of Mars Ultor. The forum is symmetrical and emphasizes the axis passing through the Temple of Mars Ultor.
d. At the center of each exedra was one of two mythical ancestors: Aeneas and Romulus
42 bc |
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Term
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Definition
a. Built in the late 1st century BCE, after the Battle of Philippi (42 BCE).
b. Exterior is Carrara marble. It was located at the back of the forum.
c. In the temple were statues dedicated to Mars, Venus, and Julius Caesar.
d. The whole space was closed off at the back by a wall which blocked the view of a poor district. This wall later served as a barrier to the great fire of 64 CE. |
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Term
| Tomb or Mausoleum of Augustus |
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Definition
a. Built by Augustus ca. 25 BCE in the Campus Martius and meant to contain the ashes of his relatives.
b. Constructed of tufa, concrete, and travertine. The round construction is a reminder of Etruscan tumuli. This publicly displayed his reverence for his heritage. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Theater was an important Roman tradition, which until the time of Pompey, took place in temporary structures.
b. Augustus built a semicircular stone theater just outside the limits of the city (Theater of Marcellus, late 1st century BCE).
c. It was one of the first Roman buildings to mix different kinds of architectural elements.
d. For example, Doric columns were used on the ground level while Ionic capitals were used above. Finally, Corinthian capitals were originally placed on the third level. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Located in Nimes
b. Late 1st century BCE.
c. Built under Augustus in southern France. The inscription across the front dedicates the structure to Augustus' grandsons.
d. It contains Etruscan elements such as a high podium, frontal stairs and porch, and engaged columns on the sides |
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Term
| the five orders of architecture |
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Definition
a. Tuscan
b. Doric
c. Ionic
d. Corinthian
e. Composite |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a. Mid 1st century CE, sandstone. Located near Nimes.
b. Aqueducts carried water to metropolitan areas. The Pont du Gard aqueduct is one of the best preserved examples and was possibly built by Agrippa.
c. Rough stones were purposefully left jutting out at the sides. It is constructed with strict proportions: three smaller arches to one large arch (except the central arch, which is four times the size of the smaller arches…) |
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Term
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Definition
a. Early 1st century CE, painted Carrara marble.
b. Depicts Augustus in an idealized manner. His bare feet signal that he is a hero, or possibly a god. The Cupid figure riding a dolphin at his feet is a reminder that his family descended from Venus.
c. The statue is an example of classicism, or reference to the classical Greek period.
d. The statue is closely related to the Doryphoros. |
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Term
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Definition
a. By Polykleitos, ca. 440 BCE, marble.
b. Classical style sculpture
c. Resembles the Prima Porta Augustus. They have similar stances (contropposto) as well as facial features. |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1st century CE, marble.
b. Although he was probably old at the time of construction, Augustus is still shown as a young man.
c. Having his toga drawn over his head signals that he is a priest. In this case, he is shown as the pontifex maximus. This role had, under the rule of Augustus, come under the emperor and was no longer an elected position. |
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Term
| The Altar of Peace of Augustus (Ara Pacis Augustae) |
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Definition
a. 13-9 BCE, Carrara marble. It was reconstructed during the reign of Mussolini.
b. The interior of the enclosure is carved to look like wooden fence posts on which hang bulls' skulls, sacrificial bowls, and garlands. The fruits displayed in the garlands are from all four seasons, suggesting that the peace of Augustus spanned the whole year.
c. The friezes are programmatic: they emphasize Augustus' plan for Rome and serve as a reminder of their ancestry/devotion to Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Glass, early 1st Century CE.
b. The subject matter is unclear, but may be a representation of Peleus (a mortal), approaching the nymph Thetis. They married, and their son was Achilles.
c. It is likely that the vase was associated with a wedding celebration. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Ca. 20 BCE Roman house painted in the late Second style. May have belonged to Agrippa.
b. Discovered in 1878
c. In one of the rooms, a three dimensional pavilion is painted, depicting a nymph with the infant Dionysus.
d. On either side of this scene are sections of the wall which are painted monochrome. Within them are square paintings, which are meant to look like framed pieces of art.
e. Owning framed Greek panel paintings of this type would signal wealth. |
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Term
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Definition
a. the empors that followed augusts
b. tiberus
i. 14-37
• nero
• The emperors who followed Augustus, from Tiberius to the death of Nero.
• 14CE-68CE
• Augustus had no sons, and therefore no clear heirs. After the death of his grandsons, he adopted his stepson Tiberius (a Claudian), thus the “Julio-Claudians” |
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Term
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Definition
a. Carved gem which declared the transfer of power from Augustus to Tiberius in 14 CE.
b. Two scenes are shown: one of Roman soldiers, possibly commemorating the victory of Tiberius over the Germans in 12 CE, the other of Augustus enthroned as Jupiter.
c. This was not a public piece, and would have only been seen by close friends and family of Augustus.
a. Large gem that declared power shift from agustus to tiberuius in 14 ad
b. Early 1st ad
c. Cameo scene
d. Romean solders
e. Not public peiece |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1st c. BCE-1st c. CE
b. Tiberius would spend time at a villa here.
c. The main grotto was decorated with sculpture and a fish pond (piscina). It had a platform for dining and would have been an idyllic setting for the emperor.
d. Figures depicting the adventures of Odysseus were located in the middle of a pool of water and in niches in the walls of the cave. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Stepson of Augustus, ca. 42 BCE-37 CE.
b. He was the son of Tiberius Claudius and Livia (Augustus' wife).
c. Tiberius ruled from 14-37 CE. Early in his reign, there was a severe earthquake that caused damage in many cities. Tiberius gave out large grants of money for reconstruction in these areas and canceled their taxes for five years. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Ruled after Tiberius, and was also a Claudian.
b. He reigned from 37-41 CE.
c. According to Suetonius in his Life of Caligula: "He was very tall and extremely pale, with an unshapely body, but very thin neck and legs. His eyes and temples were hollow, his forehead broad and grim, his hair thin and entirely gone on the top of his head, though his body was hairy. Because of this,...to mention [that he looked like] a goat was treated as a capital offense. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Also a Claudian, who ruled from 41-54 CE.
b. Under his rule, Britain was invaded an annexed.
c. He was said to be intelligent, but somewhat lacking in personality.
d. He was probably murdered by his wife so that her son would become emperor
c. seir of Jupiter |
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Term
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Definition
a. Ruled after Claudius, from 54-68 CE.
b. In sculpture, he is shown as being heavy (which was a much more desirable trait at the time).
c. He arranged the deaths of his mother and stepbrother, fearing that they would somehow take his power. He continued to kill anyone who opposed him.
d. However, he was popular during the first five years of his reign because of his interest in the public good. He was at this time advised by his mother. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Meaning "the elimination, or damning, or the memory".
b. Statues of an unpopular person would be altered to look like someone else. For example, statues of Nero have been re-carved to resemble the well loved Vespasian. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Columbaria ("pigeon-houses") are structures located at the Vigna Codini containing rounded or rectangular wall niches.
b. They held cinerary urns, and were probably built under the reign of Augustus. Some of the niches also contained portraits of the dead. Because of their placement in these niches, they are very well preserved. |
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Term
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Definition
| a. claudesou contributions to the are of public faculties water supply |
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Term
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Definition
b. Portion of an aqueduct finished by Claudius. ca 50 CE.
c. It is composed of a double archway crossing two ancient roadways and carrying two converging water channels at different levels. The masonry on the lower sections is purposefully left unfinished. This is called "rustification". |
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Term
| Domus Aurea or Golden House of Nero. |
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Definition
d. In 64 CE, a large fire destroyed much of central Rome. A building program was put in action to rebuild the burned portions of the city.
e. Nero took the opportunity to build a home for himself in the center of town. Part of the home was an octagonal space with small rooms radiating outward. A dome with a central opening (oculus) would have covered the octagonal room.
f. The use of concrete in vaulting shows the development of major new architectural ideas. |
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Term
| Antony's Greatest and Bitterest Enemy |
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Definition
b. Cicero, who had held supreme power after Caesar's death as much as a public speaker could, was proscribed together with his son, his brother, his brother's son and all his household, faction, and friends. He fled in a small boat, but as he could not endure the seasickness he landed and went to a country place of his own . . . near Caieta, a town of Italy, and here he remained quiet .... Many soldiers were hurrying around in squads, inquiring if Cicero had been seen anywhere. Some people, moved by good will and pity, said that he had already put to sea. But a shoemaker . . . who had been a most bitter enemy of Cicero, pointed out the path to Laena, the centurion, who was pursuing with a small force.
c. Thereupon the slaves, thinking that more soldiers were coming, were terror-stricken and Laena, although he had once been saved by Cicero when under trial, drew [Cicero's] head out of the litter and cut it off, striking it three times, or rather sawing it off because of his inexperience. He also cut off the hand with which Cicero had written the speeches against Antony as tyrant, which he had entitled Philippics in imitation of Demosthenes. Then some of the soldiers hastened on horseback and others by ship to bring the good news quickly to Antony. The latter was sitting in front of the tribunal in the Forum when Laena, a long distance off, showed him the head and hand by lifting them up and shaking them. Antony was delighted beyond measure. He crowned the centurion and gave him 25,000 Attic drachmas in addition to the stipulated reward, for killing the man who had been his greatest and bitterest enemy. The head and hand of Cicero were suspended for a long time from the Rostra in the Forum where formerly he had been accustomed to make public speeches, and more people came together to behold this spectacle than had previously come to listen to him. It is said that even at his meals Antony placed Cicero's head before his table until he became satiated with the horrible sight. Thus was Cicero, a man famous for his eloquence and one who had rendered the greatest service to his country when he held the office of consul, slain and insulted after his death. |
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Term
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Definition
b. One of the most fascinating personalities of this period was Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. She had bewitched Caesar when he arrived in Egypt on the trail of Pompey, and he brought her back to Rome. Mark Antony saw her there and, after Caesar's assassination, became romantically involved with her. As the first excerpt indicates, her beauty and ability were renowned; Antony fell under her spell. She fought with him at Actium in 31 B.C. against the forces of Octavian and, after their defeat, both committed suicide in Egypt.
c. On her arrival, Antony sent to invite her to supper. She thought it fitter he should come to her; so, willing to show his good humor and courtesy, he complied, and went. He found the preparations to receive him magnificent beyond expression .... For her actual beauty, it is said, was not in itself so remarkable that none could be compared with her, or that no one could see her without being struck by it, but the contact of her presence, if you lived with her, was irresistible; the attraction of her person, joining with the charm of her conversation, and the character that attended all she said or did, was something bewitching. It was a pleasure merely to hear the sound of her voice, with which, like an instrument of many strings, she could pass from one language to another; so that there were few of the barbarian nations that she answered by an interpreter; to most of them she spoke herself. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Baroque art
b. Mount vesuvias buring pompey and herculanium
c. Vespasion
i. 69-79 ad |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 80
- AKA the Flavian Amphitheater
b. built by Vespasian and Titus.
- A Roman amphitheater that was built over Nero’s lake and gardens.
- Naval battles (initially), executions, and gladiatorial combat took place there. |
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Term
| amphitheater vs. a theater |
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Definition
a. Amphitheatre=Coliseum
b. Goes all the way around
c. Theatre=Theatre of Epidaurus
d. Goes only half-way around |
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Term
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Definition
e. Used in the colosseum
f. Large covering to shield the audience from the elements |
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Term
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Definition
a. Stadiums were used for public entertainment, for example the Stadium of Domitian from around 86 CE.
b. It was the first permanent stadium in Rome, located in the Campus Martius.
c. Used for athletic contests |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 81
- Triumphal arch built by Domitian
b. commemorates Titus’s victory in the Jewish War.
- Two reliefs on the inside: Titus in a chariot and sacking of Jerusalem.
- Used composite engaged columns.
- At one point, it was incorporated into a medieval palace. |
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Term
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Definition
a. is a scene that represents the deification of the emperor.
b. This can be seen in the Arch of Titus (ca. 81 CE). The Apotheosis of Titus is depicted as a relief where Titus is ascending on the back of an eagle. |
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Term
| The Jewish Wars and Jerusalem |
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Definition
a. 66-70 CE
b. Due to a revolt in Judea by the Jews against Roman rule.
c. Titus emerged victorius
d. His victory is commemorated in the Arch of Titus (ca. 81 CE)
e. One relief portrays the sacking of the Temple in Jerusalem (70 CE). Soldiers can be seen carrying away a menorah, for example |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 92
- Palace built on Palatine Hill by Domitian.
- Architect: Rabirius.
- It used octagonal rooms with square and circular niches.
- Had polished marble walls, which may have served as mirrors so he could see attackers. |
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Term
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Definition
a. 80-90 CE, marble.
b. Imperial representations, originally part of a huge frieze decorating an altar base
c. They were found beneath a papal palace shortly before WWII.
d. One of the reliefs depicts Domitian setting out on a military expedition, guided by Minerva and other allegorical figures.
e. A second relief depicts the arrival of Vespasian in Rome. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Pompeii – AD 79 (Mt. Vesuvius eruption)
- A port city south of Rome that was preserved in ash.
- The nearby city Herculaneum was destroyed and buried in 30-40 ft of volcanic mud.
- Much of what we know about Roman painting styles came from Pompeii.
- As it was unearthed, it affected styles of art and architecture in Europe
- Graffiti was popular in Pompeii, which gives us a look at their attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 80 (MT Vesuvius eruption)
- Roman town south of Rome
b. Pompeii’s sister city.
- Many skeletons were found there.
- Buried 30-40 feet under volcanic mud.
- A man digging a well found it accidentally. |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 79 (Mt. Vesuvius eruption)
- The eruption was preceded by several years of earthquakes.
- A large earthquake in AD 62 left damage that had not been repaired by the eruption.
- People weren’t worried about earthquakes because they were so common.
- The eruption buried Pompeii in ash, pumice and engulfed it in 2 pyroclastic flows |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1730-1803
b. Contributed to the study of archaeology, collecting of antiquities, and scientific exploration of Mount Vesuvius
c. British Ambassador to the Court of Naples |
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Term
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Definition
a. The earliest of the baths at Pompeii ca. 2nd century BCE.
b. Has plans for pools of different shapes, grouped by temperature, as well as latrines, and a women’s changing room. |
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Term
| the 4th Style of Pompeian painting |
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Definition
a. 4th Style of Pompeian Painting – AD 40-80
- Last Pompeian style that was current at the time of the eruption.
- The House if the Vettii is in 4th style.
- Fantastic Style, vivid colors, painted architecture, massive columns, scenes of myth and erotica.
- 4th Style is a combination of the 2nd and 3rd styles. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Home from Pompeii, mid-1st century CE
b. Contains paintings in the fourth Pompeian style.
c. Erotic subject matter was highly popular in Pompeian homes. This served to amuse guests. |
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Term
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Definition
a. A Lararium is a shrine to the spirits that protect a family and ensure health, wealth, and male heirs.
b. Located in Roman homes
c. Snakes are often depicted, as they symbolize the fertility of the earth.
d. Example: Lararium in the House of the Vettii, 63-79 CE. |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 98-11
b. Roman emperor
c. First one to be born outside of Italy (in Spain).
d. Built the Baths of Trajan, Forum and Markets of Trajan, and Trajan’s column
e. His chief architect was Apollodorus of Damascus. |
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Term
| the Forum and Markets of Trajan |
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Definition
a. AD 100-112
b. Built by Trajan and Apollodorus of Damascus.
c. The forum commemorated the victory over Dacia.
d. The forum was the last and most decorated of the Imperial foram
e. Via Biberatica (Pepper Street) wraps around the markets. |
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Term
| Aula of the Markets of Trajan |
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Definition
a. The Aula was a two-storied hall attached to the complex.
b. 100-112 CE, brick and concrete.
c. It contained shops on both floors, and an open, vaulted space in the center.
d. Buttressing is used in such a way as to allow light into the space. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Large scale!
b. Named after Trajan’s family name
c. Columns surrounded a central space on all four sides.
d. Semicircular apses are locared at the ends of the building.
e. Set crosswise to the axis of the Forum of Trajan
f. 2nd century CE |
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Term
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Definition
a. Trajan’s chief architect
b. Designed the Forum and Markets of Trajan
c. Executed in 130AD
d. Flourished around time of Trajan (ca. 98-117 CE) |
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Term
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Definition
a. Dedicated 113 CE, marble
b. Served as a monument to the exploits of Trajan, as well as a tomb for his ashes.
c. Sculptureal depiction of his victories over the Dacians.
d. The reliefs on the column spiral upwards. |
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Term
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Definition
a. AD 101-106 (Dacian Wars
b. Land ruled by the Dacians in Southeastern Europe.
c. Trajan fought Dacia in 2 wars 101-102 and 1-5-106.
d. Romans destroyed the water pipes supplying the Dacian capital and burned the city to the ground.
e. The Dacian emperor Decebalus committed suicide. |
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Term
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Definition
a. Location for the Arch of Trajan, 117-120 BCE, marble
b. Erected by Trajan and completed by Hadrian |
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Term
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Definition
a. City established by Trajan following the form of a castra.
b. Trajan wanted to provide his soldiers a place to retire.
c. Planned as an almost perfect square
d. Streets follow a grid pattern
e. Late 1st-Early 2nd century CE. |
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Term
| The Power and Authority of the Emperor |
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Definition
a. The Power and Authority of the Emperor – AD 155-229 (Cassius Dio)
- Part of an account of Roman history and power as written by Cassius Dio.
- Romans hated the titles of absolute power (i.e. monarch, king, dictator), but they were okay with emperors as long as they didn’t use those titles.
- Augustus used advisors and pretended to encourage free speech to make it look like he didn’t have absolute power.
- Emperors often made themselves consuls to pretend Rome was still a republic. |
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Term
| Establishment of the Augustan Principate |
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Definition
Establishment of the Augustan Principate – AD 27 (Octavian becomes Augustus)
- In AD 27, Octavian claimed that he was going to restore the republic.
- The senate named him Augustus (the revered one).
- He requested an advisory position as “princeps” or first citizen.
- As an advisor with an army, his “advice” was considered law. |
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Term
| Persecutions Under Nero, Pompeii |
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Definition
a. Persecutions Under Nero – AD 64 (Nero’s fire)
- A passage about Christian persecution that may have been written by Tacitus.
- In AD 64, Nero probably burned down half of Rome.
- In order to deflect suspicion from himself, he blamed the Christians.
- It claims they were mauled by dogs, crucified, or used as torches. |
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