REPRODUCTION

Term used to describe the ways that cultural practices and their forms of expression reproduce the ideologies and interests of the ruling class.

Important concept in visual culture

·        - Refers to technologies of reproduction like cameras or printing presses

·         - Refers to a copy of another work

·        - Refers to the way that ideologies are reproduced through images

STEROSCOPES

An instrument used in the nineteenth century that offered two separate views on the same scene arranged to replicate the positioning of the two eyes and then optically converged to simulate depth in the scene.

ZOETROPES

Projection machines variously called Zoetropes, Praxinoscopes, and Phenakistoscopes were designed on the model of the camera obscure (discussed in chapter 4) but included a kind of round drum that accommodated an interior light source.  Inside the drum was placed a strip of photographs takes in a sequence.

MAGIC LANTERN SHOW

A popular form of entertainment called the magic lantern show involved the projection of still photographic slides with narrative or descriptive accompaniments provided by a live performer.

KINESCOPE

Thomas Edison publicly displayed a device called the Kinescope, which individual viewers could stand before a peephole through which they could watch a projection of a short motion picture film.

DAGEURREOTYPE

A negative image, exposed directly onto a plate coated withsilver halide.  It is a single negative process, and prints cannot be made fromthe plate.  Although the end result is a negative, the mirrored surface appearedas a positive when a dark background was reflected onto it.

NOEME

In photography, a term that comes from phenomenology, that refers to the quality of the photographic image to indicate a “that has been” status, which means that the power of the image from the fact that it existed in copresence with the camera.

“THE WORK OF ART IN THE AGE OF MECHANICAL REPRODUCTION”

Walter Benjamin proposed that with the introduction of image forms such as photography and motion picture film, there is no original work to speak of but rather a series of copies (print) that stand equally in the place of the singular original work.

“AURA” (ACCORDING TO WALTER BENJAMIN)

According to Walter Benjamin, the aura of unique works gives them the quality of authenticity, which cannot be reproduced.  Aura is not a quality the work materially holds but one that is imputed to the work by a culture that holds it in high regard.

COPYRIGHT

Taken literally, means “the right to copy.”  The term refers to not one but a bundle of rights.

 This right is actually a bundle of rights including:

· 

          -  Distribution

 ·         -  Production

 ·         -  Copying

 ·         -  Displaying

 ·         -  Performing

 ·         -  Creating

 ·         -  Controlling derivative works based on the original

ANALOG VS DIGITAL

ANALOG

        - Image stored on a roll of film as a negative

·       - negative is original source; when copied it degenerates

·       - image production is not instantaneous, must wait to see the image develop from a negative

·       - had the Noeme “that has been” effect of subject being in co-presence of camera

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        DIGITAL

        -  Image stored  on microchip as codes

·       -  as a code it has no “original” and can be copied endlessly with no degeneration

·       -  no negative / image can be seen Immediately; near instant feedback loop, images can be used to  retake images in shoots

·       -  new technologies of  image manipulation like Photoshop were introduced at the same time as digital cameras, allowing us to download and email constructed images