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Altamira Cave, Spain. “Coiled Bison,” c. 12,000 BCE.
Takes advantage of natural shape of the rock and adds paint to create life” |
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Lascaux, France. “Hall of Bulls,” c. 15,000 BCE.
Lit by torchlight, added extra layer to painting (made it seem like it was moving?)
takes advantage of the shadows created by the curve in the rock
displays innate impulse of human beings to appreciate beauty and try to find symbols in other things
didatic image -educational purpose
ritual- miraculous, magic, to replicate life as though the figure appears there |
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Woman from Willendorf, limestone, c. 24,000 BC.
Venus
ritual use- well nourished and fertile
role of women in society-fertility
feet, arms, and face is underemphasized
beautiful- “because it reflects what the user wants” |
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Ziggurat of Nanna, city of Ur, c. 2050 BCE, brick, Sumerian.
Type of mesopotamian pyramid
mountain- where you encounter the “gods”
signature seal-unique |
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Hammurabi Stele, Babylonian, c. 1750 BCE, engraved black basalt, Babylonian.
Oldest written code of law
Shamash the God of Justice is passing down laws to Hammurabi
“elevated place”
wealthy treated less harshly than poor, men less than women, citizens less than slaves |
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Ishtar Gate, c. 575 BC, glazed brick, Babylonian.
ceremonial gateway to pyramid
bright enough for travelers
displayed the behavior and lions(attributed to defense and Ishtar)-direction towards gate
showed sheep and goats as sacrifices |
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| has a roof which is supported by columns, as in the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak. The word hypostyle comes from the Ancient Greek meaning "under columns" |
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Palette of King Narmer, green schist, c. 2950 BCE.
earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found.
thought to depict the unification of upper and lower Egypt
On one side, the king is depicted with the bulbed White Crown of Upper (southern) Egypt, and the other side depicts the king wearing the level Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt.
probably a ritual or votive object, specifically made for donation to, or use in, a temple. |
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Imhotep, Step pyramid and complex of King Djoser, Saqqara, c. 2575 BCE.
This first Egyptian pyramid consisted of six mastabas (of decreasing size) built atop one another
he first monumental structure made of stone.
the pillars imitate plant stems- one of the first examples of a hypostyle hall |
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Menkaure and his wife, from Giza, c. 2470 BCE.
Egyptian art does not change over the years, and sets the standard for tradtion
step forward-is not typical and creative
displays the traditional rigidity and square shoulder as well as assertiveness of Egyptian art
smoothed over VS the definition in the Kouros statue |
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The Great Pyramids of Giza (those of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu), c. 2450 BCE.
Menakure's Pyramid does not have the original limestone casing
Khufu's is the largest pyramid
Khafre's has the steepest slope which makes it appear larger than Khufu's |
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Relief of King Akhenaten and his family, limestone, c. 1350 BC.
very intimate scene
In a relief of Akhenaten, he is shown with his primary wife, Nefertiti, and their children in an intimate setting.
children are much smaller than parents |
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Temple complex of Amun at Luxor, Egypt, c. 1250 BC.
Specific entrances for those of different classes, those of lower standing enter in the side while those of more importance entered in the "front"
built from sandstone
dedicated to the Opet festival where the statues of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu would travel from Karnak to Luxor |
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| the familiar greek stance where one hip drops since the person has shifted weight to one leg and the knees come together, creating a form that is less rigid than the archaic |
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| No base or decorated capital |
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| Base and Capital that looks like scrolls |
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| has papyrus leaves in capital, and base, most elaborate |
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| kouros. Rigidity and forward facing. Based off of Egypt. Arms at sides. |
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| Poses became naturalistic, Contrapasto. |
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| those who were inspired by Greek art but weren't Greek themselves. Common people were acceptable subjects for sculpture. Did not display people as ideals of perfection. |
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| the old dudes who wanted to show a lot of service and therefore had a bunch of wrinkles to display their loyalty to their work. Form of realism, displayed the “everyday man” instead some heroic version. Roman. |
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Anavysos Kouros, Archaic Greek, 6th century, BCE.
test spirals, no space between words written on purpose to keep it mysterious
one viewer becomes the unintentional muse in 1st person
funeral marker
life size- 6 feet 2 inches
"magical activation of object" |
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Group of the twins, Kleobis and Biton, c. 590 BCE.
act of piety towards the Priestess of Hera
displays their strength and fortitude to be like Oxen
almost look like they are trying to break out of the archaic style they are in
die in their sleep after their most heroic achievement of their lives (pulling the cart to the temple) |
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The Acropolis of Athens, Periclean building program, 5th century, BCE.
defensive fortification
most sacred- mountaintop to encounter the gods
-The Parthenon (temple to Athena Parthenos)
-The Temple of Athena Nike (victory monument)
on outcropping for everyone to see
Ionic order
displays elation and victory movement
emotional -"carries the notion of flight"
-The Erechtheion (porch of the Caryatids)
records the origins of Athens itself-Athena vs Poseidon
treasury
women in the porch are in contrapasta |
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Iktinos, Temple of Apollo at Bassae, c. 420 BCE.
doric on exterior, more progressive orders as you go on
hierarchy of columns directs the movement through the space
oriented so that Apollo is hit with the first rays of sun
enter through the side and not the front steps |
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Head of Alexander the Great, c. 300 BCE.
cleanshaven and embracing of the greek culture is a political statement
crab claw hair colic in front
examples of hellism |
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Etruscan, Necropolis at Cerveteri, Tomb of the painted reliefs, 3rd century, BCE.
family tombs and decorates interiors with frescoes and caskets
like an etruscan home with tools and homeyness
hospitable living rooms for the dead to use in the afterlife |
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Etruscan, Sarcophagus with reclining couple, from the Necropolis at Cerveteri, c. 520 BCE.
personality in the individual figure
welcoming into the tomb |
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Portrait bust of a Roman man, Republican period, c. 40 BCE.
timeless vs specific
part of the senetorial class
looks like a recognizable figure-verism
figure represents values of dedication and conservatism- lifelong dedication |
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The Prima Porta Augustus, first century, CE.
full change over of power in the Rome Republic
beginning of Roman Empire
god-like- has very finely carved armor
no shoes-walking somewhere that is unlike earth
aloof to the moment-no eyes
gesturing towards the future-universal/timeless |
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Funerary Vessel (krater), 8th century, BCE.
geometric art
main scene, which occupies the widest portion of the vase, shows the prothesis, a ritual in ancient Greek funerary practice in which the deceased is laid out on a high bed (bier), usually within the house.
elatives and friends may come to mourn and pay their respects to the deceased.
chariots stand hitched to teams of horses and warriors carry spears and large shields. The figures may refer to the military exploits of the deceased or his ancestry |
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| Roman Emperors who comissioned Church of San Vitale and the Hagia Sofia. 527- 565 . |
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| form of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials. |
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| opposition to the veneration of inanimate representations, religious icons, and other symbols or monuments. |
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| a pulpit found in mosques from which prayers, sermons, and religious guidance are spoken |
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| the niche in a wall of a mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca |
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| the geographical direction pointing toward the Kaaba |
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| the cube-shaped structure in Mecca toward which all Muslims are to face during prayer. It is the most sacred site in all of Islam. |
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| Muslim place of Worship. Characterized by minerets, the mihrab, and minbars. Always pointed towards Mecca. |
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| towers where the guy rings the bell to call the people to prayer |
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Old Saint Peter’s Basilica, Rome, 4th century.
Demolished in the 16th century
built by constantine
follows the format of Roman basilica
aisles on both sides and large atrium
substition- high altar was substituted for the seat of the emperor
elaborately decorated with mosaics
corinthian columns
linear and side aisles- powerful statements about Christianity |
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Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350
covered with mosaics outside ambulatory
round structure-associated with Rome's elaborate tombs
corinthian columns
imagery of Bacchus the God of Wine
god of wine- "blood of christ"
incomplete changeover |
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Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, c. 547.
Byzantine
originally encased in marble
butterfly marble technique is very expensive
built by Justinian and his wife Theodora
displayed the power of the ruling couple as heads of church and state |
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Great Mosque of Damascus, built on the site of a Christian basilica dedicated to John the Baptist after the Arab conquest of Damascus in 634.
well rounded arches decorate with mosaics byzantine
2 acts of substitution (basilica-church-mosque)
treasury supported by corinthian columns that are reused |
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| The Kaaba, Mecca. According to tradition, first built by Abraham. Reconstructed many times, including c. 600, soon after which, it was purified by Muhammad and dedicated to Islamic worship. |
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The House of Prophet, Medina, c. 624.
two covered porticos all should pray towards Jerusalem-later changed to Mecca
from his house is derived the elements of a Mosque |
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The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, c. 691, but rebuilt several times since.
NOT A MOSQUE BECAUSE IT IS ROUND
rock in center significant for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Umayyads built momument around the rock
double ambulatory
lavishly decorated with expensive items
probably constructed by a Christian architect
all these different rulers- crowns(recurring political message) |
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The Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain, founded 784.
increasingly decorative in the direction you should focus
double horseshoe structure with alternating red and white
lobed arches closer to mirab
scalloped arches closest to mirab
doubled band arches visually stunning
dome built of crisscrossing ribs that create pointed arches all lavishly covered with gold mosaic in a radial pattern. anticipates later Gothic rib vaulting, though on a more modest scale. |
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phase of Greek art, characterized largely by geometric motifs in vase painting
People and animals depicted geometrically in a dark glossy color, while the remaining vessel is covered by strict zones of meanders, crooked lines, circles, swastikas, in the same graphical concept |
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Hagia Sofia Costantinople(Present day Istanbul, Turkey), 537
Anthemius and Isidore
Dome-windows at bottom-play on light-looks like it is floating |
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