Term
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Definition
Beauty
Self-Expression
Religious Meditation
Represent Reality
Historical Documentation
Politics
Commodity
Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
Artwork (photo, painting etc..)
Artist
Audience (dealers, historians...)
Space (museum, street...)
Material
Tool
Ideas, skills (knowledge, passion..) |
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Definition
Characteristic visual features/subject matter/medium associated with a culture, time and place, group of artists or individual artist |
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Definition
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Definition
Visual characteristics, the way a work of art looks |
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Definition
object or events depicted |
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Definition
identifying, describing and interpreting subject matter |
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Definition
Life of the maker, tradition the work of art comes from, occasion the work is made for, etc., in sum, all connections the work of art has in relation to the larger world of human culture |
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Definition
Title: Arnolfini Double Portrait
Artist: Van Eyck
Year: 1434
Composition: Oil on wood
Western Art
Could serve as a private wedding record/marriage certificate or depicts an engagement |
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Definition
subject matter + medium + form + context = meaning |
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Definition
Lion Panel, Chauvet Cave, France
Paleolithic/Old Stone Age
Oldest painting known today |
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Term
Paleolithic Period Characteristics |
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Definition
Old Stone Age
30,000-5,000 BC
Agriculture
Hunting
Cave Habituation |
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Definition
The Hall of Bulls
Paleolithic/Old Stone Age
Lascaux Cave, France
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Definition
Venus of Willendorf
Paleolithic/Old Stone Age
Austria, Limestone
Exaggerated female body parts implies that women's role then was first of all producing children
Not seen as able to walk or speak or carry
fertility figure/good luck charm
"cause and effect" |
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Term
Neolithic Period Characteristics |
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Definition
New Stone Age
5,000 BCE - 1000 BCE
Domesticated animals
Agriculture
Pottery |
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Definition
Stonehenge
Neolithic/New Stone Age
Salisbury Plain, England
Served as a graveyard, probably of a ruling dynasty
Shows how basic our urge to create meaningful form and order is... |
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Term
Art of Egypt Characteristics |
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Definition
Ancient Civilization - 3000 BCE - present
Arts and politics
Social values: continuity, order, stability, endurance
Emperors and Gods
Pyramids and Mummies |
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Term
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Definition
Palette of Narmer
Egyptian
Portrays victory, led by Narmer
Falcon - Horus, god of Upper Egypt
Images are logical and balanced
Egyptian pose - maintained for continuity, depicts each body part at its best for viewers
Doesn't suggest much motion, because of stability and order ideals |
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Term
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Definition
The Great Sphinx
Egyptian
Stability, order and endurance
Power and continuity |
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Term
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Definition
Menkaure and Khemerernebty
Egyptian
Idealized, youthful bodies
No motion depicted
Formal positioning showering power
Wife touching in "belonging together" way, showing serence, eternal existence |
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Term
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Definition
Akhenaten and His Family
Egyptian
Painted limestone relief
Sunken relief - outlines are carved into the surface, and the figures are modeled within them
Attempt to change Egypt (short-lived) - monotheism, more relazed, naturalistic and even intimate |
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Term
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Definition
Nefertit Bust
Egyptian
Timeless Elegance
Regal headdress, elongated neck |
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Term
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Definition
Republic = 509-27 bce
Empire = 27bce-476ad
- Devloped complex, open society--agrarian to urban, conquering, governing and assimilating
- Practical, prolem solving-engineers, lawmakers, rulers
- Valued the real (verism) over the ideal
- Adopted and transmitted "Classical" civilization of Greece: religion, scuplutre, architectural orders
- Urban architecture of interior spaces: attached or engaged Greek orders, arch, vault, dome and concrete
- Propaganda and conscious of posterity |
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Term
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Definition
Aqueduct
Roman Empire
Round Roman Arches
Carries water on the top - channel |
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Definition
Pont Du Gard
Roman Empire
Water Channel, Pediestiran Walk, Beauty
Roman round arch - compression + tension, admit light, reduce weight of the walls, decrease the amount of material needed
Keystone - topmost stone, make its stable, outward thrust |
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Definition
Colosseum
Roman Empire
Amphitheater for gladiatorial games and public entertainments
Could be filled with water for naval battles
Doric on the first level, Ionic on the second and Corinthian on the third
Logical and coherent
Water channels
Prisoners could be kept underneath
Made fast because of concrete construction method (bricks and stones) |
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Term
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Definition
Pantheon
Roman Empire
Temple to all the gods
The ceiling is coffered - ornamented with recessed rectangles, coffers which less its weight
Oculus - circular opening at the top (eye of Heaven) - sole illumination of building
Concrete
Portico - rectangular porch in the front
Form - post-and-lintel construction, corinthian order, entablature and pediment
Rotunda - round building
Dome sits naturally on the circular drum of the base
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Term
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Definition
Double Portrait of Gratidia and Gratidius
Roman Empire
Realistic, completely carved out, more mobility
Ordinary people
Faith/Fidelity and Harmony |
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Term
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Definition
Augustus of Prima Porta
Roman Empire
Political figure, raising arm = enlarges the space it takes up and shows commanding power |
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Term
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Definition
Equestrian Statue of Macus Aurelius
Roman Empire
bronze
Arm in oratorical gesture - as if delivering a speech
Beard = philospher king
Politics and social order |
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Term
Art of Greece Characteristics |
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Definition
City states and competition (Olympics)
Classical at the root of Western Civilization
Man measure of all things, and gods have human form and human behavior
Guided by desire for realism/naturalism and idealism
Perfection of the individual, in soul/mind and body
Human scale and canon of human proportions
Architectural orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian |
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Term
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Definition
Doric
No base
Simple capital |
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Term
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Definition
Ionic
Stepped Base
Carved Capital |
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Term
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Definition
Corinthian
More detailed stepped base
Stylized Acanthus leaves carved capital |
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Term
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Definition
Dipylon Vases
Wine krater + Grave marker
Greek, Geometric Period
Funeral Activities
Art as history
Wasn't made to a linear perspective
Shows Greeks viewed death much more simply than Egyptians |
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Term
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Definition
Kouros
Greek, Archaic
Originally Colored
Vs. Egyptians - the body parts are all carved out, naked, anonymous boy
Mimics Egyptian pose of one foot forward and proportions
Served as offerings to gods and grave markings
Abstract face and body
Lifelike, convincing presence - naturalism |
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Term
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Definition
Warrior A
Greek, Classical (finest work)
lifelike representation
idealized, manly body
contrapposto
bronze, too expensive, Romans used marble
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Term
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Definition
Controposto
S-shape
Counterpoise or Counterbalance
Play of opposites
Right leg is bent and relaxed
Right shoulder is raised
Legt hip is raised
Weight rests on left foot
At rest, potential for motion, can't stay on the foot forever
Developed by Greeks |
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Term
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Definition
Parthenon
Greek, Classical
Dedicated to Athena (warrior maiden)
Doric style
Ornamented with rich sculpture
Golden ratio (found in clamshell)
Didn't use straight lines so that the building would actually appear straight
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Term
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Definition
Athena Statue in Parthenon
All gold and ivory |
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Term
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Definition
Three Goddeses
Greek, Clasical, Parthenon
create a triangle
drapery flows as to show the human body
seem to breathe and be capable of movement |
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Term
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Definition
East Pediment, Parthenon
Greek, Classical
human action - sacrifcie and victory
carved proportionally, very 3-D
very detailed dress - emphasizes the human body
Reminants found in British museum
Idealized, beautiful people
Dignify the body -> different from Egyptians who showed a spirit |
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Term
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Definition
Metope, Parthenon
Greek, Classical
High relief - a sculpture which forms project more bodly from their background - about half their understood depth
Mythical creatures - not commonpeople |
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Term
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Definition
North fieze, Parthenon
Greek Classical
Low Relief - Shallow - only project slightly from background
dedicated to human world
sacrifices to Athena
clothed, humbled, not idealized - more realistic, separate man from gods |
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Term
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Definition
Lacoon Group
Greek, Hellenistic (last phase)
Did away with classical values of balance and restraint in favor for dynamic poses and extreme emotions
Father + sons
In action - shows movement, sons aren't stable, more defined, imbalance
Physical pain |
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Term
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Definition
Aphrodite of Melos
(Venus de Milo)
Greek, Hellenistic
Retained Classical balance and restraint
Females were now allowed to be portrayed in the nude (only goddesses and mythological) |
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Term
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Definition
Pencil (graphite/lead)
Metalpoint (Silverpoint)
Charcoal
Chalk
Pastel
Crayon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type of painting
pigment + wax + resin
heated, cooled and potentially a final "burning in" to fuse the colors
early Greek
very permanent |
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Term
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Definition
pigment + water applied to plaster support
fresco secco - dry fresco
buon fresco - applied to wet limesplaster (most common)
large murals, lots of planning, hard physical labor
Sometimes done with sketches, holes and connecting the dots process
Every stroke = permanent, must dry and be chipped off if you want to remove it
Italian Renaissance
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Term
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Definition
Aqueous, dries to tough, insoluble film
color retains unlike oil
not easy to blend
dries quickly
usually built up with crosshatching
typically applied to wood panel primed with gesso - (ground of white pigment + glue)
fresh tempera doesn't keep, must be made daily |
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Term
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Definition
pigment + oil
Jan Van Eyck - first important oil painter
switched from wood to linen canvas
dries very slowly
can harm paper and yellow or darken over time
blends very easily |
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Term
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Definition
(oil painting)
thin viels of translucent color applioed over a layer of opaque paint
gives a smooth finish |
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Term
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Definition
(oil painting)
less fussy, all in one sitting, all opaque colros on white ground |
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Term
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Definition
(oil painting)
heavily loaded brush, piling the paint in a thick texture
"paste"
rough finish |
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Term
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Definition
pigment + water + gum arabic
intimate art - small in scale, free in execution
transparent
can be layered over one another |
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Term
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Definition
watercolor + inert white pigment
opaque |
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Term
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Definition
pigment + acrylic resin (polymerized)
tough, flexible and waterproof film
large range - translucent to opaque, thick or thin
can imitate oil, watercolor, gouache and tempera
permanent
dries quickly
keep brushes in water |
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Term
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Definition
Encaustic
Fresco
Tempera
Oil
Watercolor
Gaouche
Acrylic |
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Term
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Definition
gluing or pasiting
still flat
2-D
Picasso - accredited first to use it |
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Term
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Definition
Modeling
Casting
Carving
Assembling |
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Term
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Definition
Additive process - starts with a simple framework or core or nothing and adds until finished
Most commonly done with clay
Fired clay - terra cotta (terra cotta warriors)
Often used in the beginning to test ideas |
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Term
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Definition
Involves a mold of some kind, into which liquid or semiliquid material is poured and allowed to harden
Indirect method - artist may never touch the final piece
Metals - specifically bronze
smooth rounded shapes + glowing, shining surfaces
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Term
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Definition
Casting form of sculpture
most common method when using metals
1. clay core
2. layer of wax over it
3. wax rods, pins and wax cup
4. clay casing
5. heated, clay dries, wax melts, wax cup = pouring cup
6.molten bronze poured in, air forced out
7. clay mold broken
8. channel and pins cut away, core removed (optional) |
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Term
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Definition
a subtractive process in which one starts with a mass of material larger than the planned scuplture and takes away material until only the desired form remains
more aggressive than modeling, more direct than casting
usually wood or stone |
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Term
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Definition
Process by which individual pieces or segments or objects are borught together to form a sculpture
Covers both assembling (parts placed on each other) and constructing (parts are joined together through welding, nailing or similar procedure) |
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Term
Types of Relief Scupltures |
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Definition
Free-standing - no background
Low-relief/bas-relief
High relief - a least halfway removed from background
Sunken relief - doesn't remove the background |
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Term
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Definition
A path traced by a moving point
symbols of perception
all lines are symbolic
indicates boundaries - record borders of form
can be expressive in themselves
convery direction and motion |
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Term
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Definition
countours - the boundaries we perceive of 3-D forms
countire lines - the lines we draw to record these boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
directs our eyes around an image and suggests movement
we follow diagonal lines most readily (almost always imply action)
flat lines = placid
vertical lines = assertive, defy gravity |
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Term
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Definition
linear forms and lines formed by edges
ex: dotted line, line of sight, direction of pointed finger |
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Term
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Definition
a two-dimensional form
occupies an area with indentifiable boundaries
boundaries can be formed by a line, shift in texture, or shift in color |
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Term
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Definition
3-D form that occupies a volume of space
cannot be fully understood from a 2-D representation like a picture |
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Term
Geometric (mass + shapes) |
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Definition
approcimate the regular named shapes and columes of geometry such as square, traingle, circle, cube... |
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Term
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Definition
are irregular and evoke the living forms of nature |
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Definition
the shape we detach and fous on |
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Term
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Definition
the surrounding visual information the figure stands out from, the background |
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Term
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Definition
the shapes we perceive as figures |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
shapes illustrated without actually drawing them - create a sense of order |
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Term
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Definition
shades of light and dark
often depicted in scales for measurement purposes
every color can be spoken in terms of its value
Developed during the Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
Italian for light/dark... before value was created from photography
artists emply values to record contrasts of light and shadow in the natural world
contrasts that help model mass for our eyes |
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Term
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Definition
areas of closely spaced parallel lines |
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Term
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Definition
two sets of closely spaced parallel lines placed over each other in opposing directions
= optical mixing |
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Term
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Definition
areas of dots average out through optical mixing into values |
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Term
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Definition
doesn't work without light
= reflected light rays
absorbs all the rays except for the color depicted |
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Term
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Definition
red, yellow, blue
they cannot be made by mixing other colors |
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Term
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Definition
orange, green and violet
made by combining two primary colors |
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Term
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Definition
red-orange side of the rainbow
associated with sunlight/fire |
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Term
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Definition
blue-green side
sky, water, shade... |
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Term
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Definition
the name of the color according to the categories of the color wheel
ex: blue, green or blue-violet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
"color scheme"
selective use of 2+ colors in a single composition
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Term
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Definition
harmonies composed of variations on the same hue, often with differences of value and indensity |
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Term
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Definition
harmonies that combien colors adjacent to one another on the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
harmonies that are composed of any three colors equidistant from each other on the color wheel |
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Term
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Definition
the surface quality
the perception of smoothness or roughness, flatness or bumpiness, fine or course |
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Term
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Definition
literally tactile, a quality we could experience through touch |
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Term
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Definition
observed by the way it reflects light and associating it with a sense memory of touch
can be less literal in a painting or drawing when markings our eyes associate with tecture are there, whether they actually depict texture or not |
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Term
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Definition
the decorative, repetitive motif or design
- can create visual texture
- lends to flatten perception of mass and space |
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Term
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Definition
dynamic visual element that interacts with the lines and shape and colors and textures of a work of art to give them definition |
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Term
Techniques to depict space |
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Definition
overlapping - the one in front is partial (foreground)
positioning
foreshortening
perspective |
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Term
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Definition
based on the systematic application of:
(1) forms seem to diminish in size as they recede from us
(2) Parallel lines receding into the distance seem to converge, until they met at a point on the horizon line where they seem to disappear (vanishing point)
Created during the Renaissance |
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Term
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Definition
compressing an image as to appear to be receding into the distance |
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Term
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Definition
The Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci
linear perspective
Vanishing point - behind Jesus's head |
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Term
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Definition
developed during the Renaissance
atmosphere that interposes itself between us and the objects we perceive |
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Term
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Definition
The organization of elements is called composition or design |
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Term
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Definition
(principle of design)
The sense of oneness, of things belonging together and making up a coherent whole
visual unity - unity based on the elements of shape, color, line etc...
conceptual unity - through unity of ideas |
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Term
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Definition
Differences that provide interest and contrast |
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Term
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Definition
Mirror image of shapes/forms on either side of an imaginary axial dividing line; elements correspond to one another in size, shape and placement
- Implied center of gravity is on the vertical axis
- often used in religious art |
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Term
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Definition
(Approximate symmetry)
slight differences between axial areas of a work
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Term
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Definition
the apparent "heaviness" or "lightness" of the forms arranged in a composition |
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Term
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Definition
Two sides that do not correspond to one another in size, shape and placement but have similar visual weight |
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Term
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Definition
the viewer's attention will be centered more on certain parts of the composition than on others |
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Term
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Definition
A less visually interesting area
(complement to emphasis) |
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Term
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Definition
A specific spot to which one's attention is directed |
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Term
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Definition
Size in relation to a constant or "normal" size |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the size relationships between parts of a whole or between two or more items perceived as a unit |
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