Latin for dark room

Light travels in straight lines

Light reflected from objects passes through the narrow opening of the iris, prjecting an image of the outside world onto a surface in the dark interior

Le Boulevard du Temple

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

First outdoor photograph

Buildings, trees, 1 person

Very busy Paris boulevard

Because people didn't stand still - 20 minute shutter speed = no people except the man having his shoes polished

Dagguerrotype

A copper plate coated with silver iodide is the light-sensitive surface

(early 1800's)

Made by Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre

Produces a positive image, which light and dark values appear correctly

Image is unique and cannot be reproduced

The plate is the photograph

Charles Darwin Portrait

Julia Margaret Cameron

Only have of his body is photographed

Looking to the side - not trying to communicate with the viewer

Dark, distant background

1888

George Eastman

Lightweight and handheld

You press the button, we do the rest

"snapshots"

Send the camera back to the company who sends it back with the photographs

Daily life becomes photography's newest and perhaps most profound subject

Migrant Mother

Dorothea Lange 1936

The Great Depression

FSA of US Department of Agriculture subsidized photographers to record the conditions around the nation

Documentary photography

Around 1900 - photomechanical reproduction - highspeed printing fo photographys along with type

Often created lots of pictures about an event, a place or a culture

Fading Away

Henry Peach Robinson - 1858

Art and photography - it resembles a painting

She is probably dying and is surrounded by her family and/or servants

Entirely staged --> Photography is not faithful and can be used as a form of art

This was before film was invented

Made as a composite image from five separate negatives

The Steerage

Alfred Stieglitz

Photography as a fine art

Taken by accident - luck and intuition

Diagonal line - walkway - directs the eye, contrasts the social classes

Photography should be true to its nature

"Pure" or "straight" photography - not cropped or manipulated in anyway - composition is enitrely visualized in advance, framed with the viewfinder

Autumn Tree against Cathedral Rocks

Ansel Adams 1944

Photography as a science then as an art

Symmetrical composition - emphasizes the dignity of the scene and gives the impression that something important, perhaps sacred is happening

Absence of ground line contributes to the sensation of upward motion

So do the diagonals of the rock cliff

Adams believed you should be able to visualize the finished composition in advance, including how the colors, details and textures of nature would appears as values on a gray scale

Understand the science of photography, it is a product of science

Cindy Sherman's Untitled Film Stills

1980-90's

Adoption of color photography

Often created images of herself as someone else, often a woman she has invented or a woman who appears in a famous work of art

Untitled to prove we make assumptions

Lincoln "Cooper Union" photograph

Mathew Brady, 1860

Had is published in a newspaper, now people could see a concrete image of Lincoln

Honesty from the eye contact

The book shows he's educated

Aided by the classic background (stone column)

Full body = vertical lines = stability and that he's assertive

Not supposed to be mysterious

It has a purpose, a target audience

Once referred to as "commerical art"

Employing art and/or words to visually present information

Communicates effectively and clearly

Tries to limit interpretation and control meaning

Very old... symbols!

Commercial application greatly increased by the Industrial Revolution

Yin-yang

Graphic Design

Balance and harmony

Daoism (ancient Chinese) philosophy

Follow the way of nature

Also known as - Taiji/Tai chi diagram

Symbols convey info or embody ideas

Male = yang, female = yin

Being and nonbeing, light and dark, action and inaction...

Opposites are mutually interdepent in the other, and defined by the other, both necessary to make a whole

Swastika

Symbols save time

German Natzis - symbol of fascism, racial hatred and the unspeakable atrocities of the concentraion camps

No meaning in itself, but given meaning by society/culture

From svastika meaning "good luck" or "good fortune"

Stilled used in Asia as an auspicious smbol

Shows the power of symbols to serve as repositories for ideas and associations

AND ability of those ideas and associations to change, sometimes drastically

Sometimes the meaning and the icon are forced together

Relatively new art

Paul Rand - Logos as graphic design

Meanings are also culturally constructed

Coca-cola mneat mouth and happy = easy transfer into China

Pepsi didn't have good translation = spirit, people didn't want to drink it

Simple, clear, distinctive and memorable coporate logos

Instantly call the company and its products + services to mind

Logos meaning nothing in itself

An effective way for a company to change its image is to redo its logo

Style of a type

ex: Times CE or Times New Roman

Blueprint for an extended work in print

Includes specification like the dimensions of the page, the width of the margins, the sizes and styles of the type for text and headings, the style and placement of running heads or feet etc..

Morrissey the Loneliest Monk

David Carson

At first appears to be bad design

Music magazine cover

Too jumbled, no order, disfunctional

Violates conventional principles

Loneliest monk - not a people pleaser

Accurately tells people up front about the type of music

Ipod Ads

Just see figure/shape

Doesn't discriminate - eliminated individual identity

Color - softened and primary = youthful

Just 1 color - not distracting

Starving time in America, Opulent Europe

Full of emotion, energy and movement

Vivid colors

Greater contrast between colors and light and dark

Ornamented sculture, rich and complex

Dynamic, theatrical

St. Teresa in Ecstasy

Bernini

Dynamic Baroque

He was a Renaissance man - painting, sculpture, architecture

Lots of decoration and pillars

Special encounter with God - makes people want a similar encounter

Dynamic movement in clothing, very 3D

Gold shiny rods coming down (with window to reflect light) = Rays from heaven

The angel looks loving and happy, but about to stab woman

Woman is dreaming

Cornaro Chapel

Looks as if it is on stage

Lighting shows abrupt contrasts of light and shadow

Facade of Sna Carlo alle Quattro Fontane

Dynamic Baroque

Barromini

Favored shapes like oval over square and circle

Domed interior - takes form of an oval indented to suggest a cross

Alternating convex and concave curves - undulating motion and organic, pulsating space

Facade was designed 25 years later

Baroque characteristics - protrusion of facade forward into viewer's space, buildup of interest in central portion, sense of plasticity - that the building can be modeled and sculpted almost like clay

Entombment of Christ

Caravaggio

Naturalism Baroque

Based on the bible

Depiction of Christ being placed in the tomb

Very emotional - sorrow, despair, woe

Man looking at the viewer in the painting draws the viewer in

Jesus is brighter/closer to the light source = central focus

Christ's depiction is more humble than Renaissance

Three different Marys in the background

Strong diagonal leading from the hand through figures to Christ's face

Light falls in difference ways on each figure but enhances the sense of drama

Perspective - viewer is eye level with the slab the group stands on

The Raising of the Cross

Rubens

Dynamic Baroque

Diagonal lines = movement

People are in more than one plane and interacting

Clear depth, very 3-D - illusion of distance

 <!-- @page { margin: 0.79in } P { margin-bottom: 0.08in } -->Christ is the most importan, lightest body = focal point

3 panels - special number in Christianity

Muscularture like Michelangelo's paintings

S-curve of Christ's body is very Baroque

The Ashes of Phokion

Poussin

Classical Baroque

Order and Balance of Renaissance

Theatricality and grandeur

Noble and serious human actions

Stoic setting, removed from emotionalism

Calm verticals and horizontals

Manipulation of light = only baroque characteristic

Courageous act - natural law of instinct - link of trees to clouds

"Bourgeois Baroque"

Protestant and wealthy merchant class, centered not on church but instead on home and family, business and social organizations, the community

Church and state do not support art in Holland

Painting becomes commodity bought and sold on the open market

Painters specialize in landscapes, still lifes, genre (scenes from daily life), portraits, and Biblical and historical paintings for the home

Naturalism in style and subject matter, addressing the 5 senses
Paintings function like mirrors, reflecting actual and idealized life of 17th c Holland

"Hidden" symbolism can be moralizing and Christian

Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard

Rembrandt

Dutch Baroque
Excels at capturing light and dark
Commercial art
Commissioned by the entire group of people in the painting, placed according to amount paid
Brightly painted girl is a mystery, so is symbolic meaning of hand?

Extremely meticulous detailing like in the embroidery
Private elite militia
Innovation - paint individual portraits within the context of a larger activity

Broad V-shapes outward and upward - subjects appear marching heroically in all directions

Lighting helps with naturalism

"The Night Watch"

Self Portrait with Saskia

Rembrandt
Lived life like the Prodigal son - very successful very early on, spent a lot of money, collected art, wasn't good at finances
Prostitute in painting was modeled after his real life wife

Art as propoganda for Catholic Church (Counter-Reformation) and State (absoule monarchs)

Rome, France, Spain, Southern Netherlands (Catholic countries)

Dissolution of the spatial and psychological boundary between audience and the work of art - action continues beyond the frame

World of art experience as intensely "real"

Integration of architecture, sculpture and painting
Theatrical effects, emotion, motion and dynamic movement
Drama, symbolism of light, space

Death of a Virgin

Caravaggio

Naturalism Baroque

Bernin, Borromini, Rubens

Sculpture and architecture

Movement between picture planes

Self Portrait as the Allegory of Painting

Gentileschi

Naturalism Baroque

Penitent Magdalene

Gentileschi

Naturalism Baroque

Judith beheading Holofernes

Gentileschi

Naturalism Baroque

Tried to capture how light worked

Used a real model for a historical figure

Judith Beheading Holofernes

Caravaggio

Naturalism Baroque

the beheading is effortless in comparison to Gentileschi's

Self Portrait with Helene Fourment

Rubens

Classical Baroque

Himself with his young wife, continuation of Renaissance

Renaissance man - 5,6 langues, diplomat, painter

Married for love - implied line looking at her, looking at child, looking back

Decorations in bg show wealth and positive emotions

Roman/Greek column, classic person in elegant, exuuberant mansion of classic style

Lavish clothing, happy child

Order - husband is highest, then mother, and child = implied hierarchy and triangle

Garden of Love

Rubens

Dynamic Baroque

People interacting between picture planes

Joy, lavish atmosphere indicating wealthy status

Caravaggio and Dutch painters

Emphasis on realism and light

Rembrandt - good use of light and dark = natural effects

Based on art of Italian Renaissance and Classical Rome

Poussin

Arcadian Shepherds

Poussin

Classicism Baroque

Vertical and horizontal lines - very stable

Self Portrait

Poussin

Classical Baroque

He was also a teacher - paintings in the bg, book in his hands, chalkboard behind him

More middle class, more serious, alone, organic educated

Uses background to tell about identity unlike forced backgrounds in paintings like Mona Lisa

Gave rise to still life/landscape painting

View of Harlem - Bleaching Fields

Ruisdael

Dutch/Classical Baroque

Limitless grandeur of nature

Contrast betwen land and sky

Vanitas

Still Life

- Heda

Dutch/Classical Baroque

Still Life with Parrots

De Heem

Dutch/Classical Baroque

Philosophical meaning about life and death

Painting is very colorful and bright

Looks like a leftover from a party where peole just left all of a sudden

Woman Holding a Balance

Vermeer

Dutch/Classical Baroque

Excels at capturing light

Composition - triangle

Painting the background - Christ descending

May be nothing on the scale, but something on her mind

Last Judgment

Temptations of vanity, problems of self-knowledge, life after death

She is pregnant

Church in northern Europe was the biggest thing - huge influence

Rembrandt

The Return of the Prodigal Son

Dutch/Classical Baroque

Son comes back to his senses and returns to his father

Only wearing one shoe, dressed in rugged clothing, kneeling and repenting

Other son is angry and self righteous

Other figures are villagers or servants

they are onlookers in this important scene of salvation/repent

Rembrandt is one of hte villagers watching

Wrinkles in clothing respond to touch of father

Left hand, strongly held (justice + righteousness)

Right hand - lightly placed (love + comfort)

Extension of Baroque

"rocks" and "shells" - decorative motifs

Extravagant, ornate

More intimate, suitable for home-settings

Colors more gentle rather than intense (pastels)

Smaller in scale

Playful, lighthearted and sophisticated

Salon de la Princesse

Rococo Art

Lots of mirrors and decorations (flowers)

Designed to hide the curve where the wall and ceiling meet

Creates illusion of sky

The Progress of Love - The Pursuit

Fragonard

Lover's scene - cupids above

Subject matter: wealth of people's private lives

All of the lines are curvy

The Swing

Rococo Art

Fragonard

Romantic air, curvy lines, wealthy lifestyles

Lover in the brush

1820-1860

Focus on the subjective and the exotic

Passion and drama, in complex, dynamic compositions

Set of attitudes and characteristic subjects

Emotion, intuition, individual experiences and imagination

Awe-inspiring landscapes, picturesque ruins, extreme/turbulent human events, struggle for liberty and exotic cultures

Emerged in the context of the American, French and Industrial Revolutions

Industrialized middle class culture of mass production, mass advertising and mass consumption

In modernism, change was seen as progress - and as art progressed, the artist sought to lead the way in an "avant-garde" way

Birthed the -isms

Paris is the primary artistic center until the 1950's, replaced by New York

Liberty Leading the People

Delacroix

Romanticism (1820-1860)

Supporting French Revolution (hopeful)

Greek statue come to life

Glorifies violence in service of democracy

Forms built with fully loaded brushstrokes

Blurred contours, broken colors

1840-1880

Everyday raised to the level of art

Il faut etre de son temps- one must live in one's own time

Painting of modern life

1855 - Courbet's Pavilion of Realism

1863 - Salon de Refuses

Reaction against neoclasscism and romanticism

The Stone Breakers

Courbet

Realism

Individual identities are unimportant

The Artist's Studio

Courbet

Realism

Common people (not indentified individuals) on left

Intellectual friends (indentifiable) on right

Naked model - the naked truth (nude for no apparent reason)

Little boy - innocence

Everyday activity is worth of grand-scale art

Le Dejeuner sur l'herbe

Manet

Realism

Refused painting exhibit

Controversial

Unnatural (lighting dark in front, light in bg)

Unproportional

Irritates middle and upper class (too obscene)

Borrowed composition... intended to violate principles though and get reactions out of people

Modern Life

Flattened with focus on high and low tones (not much middle ground)

Implied triangle

Land recedes on the left but not the right

Ambiguous, artificial, self-conscious about being a painting

1870-1900

1874 First Impressionist exhibition

Optical realism: momentary glimpse and optical sensations of light and color perceived by the eye

Open air painting - painting done outdoors

Saturdated colors and absence of black

Sketchiness and energetic brushstrokes - paintings look unfinished

Creates new visual language of brushstroke and color after Impressionism leads away from illusion making toward abstraction

Increasing awareness of the coors and marks of the brush lying on the flat surface of the canvase

Captures the sensation of landscapes/nature

The Swing

Renoir

Impressionism

No black - just darker degrees of colors

Sunlight captured in foliage, uses pale colors to indicate light

Moulin de la Galette

Renoir

Impressionism

Leisure activities of the middle class

Painted in the daylight

Richness of form, fluidity of brushstroke and flickering light

Monet Painting in His Garden

Renoir

Impressionism

Can't see individual branches or plants

A painting within a painting - how we see ourselves

Monet - Impression Sunrise

Impressionism

Industrial building in the background, machinery = modern scene of a big city

Two small boats with people in them

London was known as the foggy city

Common scene of the time

Negative effects of the industrial revolution

Monet Haystacks

Impressionism

Very trivial - a Renaissance artist would never paint something so humble

Same colors appear everywhere

Painting looks rough - impasto

Shadow is not black, just strong hue of colors

Monet Waterlilies

Impressionism

1880-1915

No unifying style or philosophy

Rejected the optical realism of impressionists

Used intense, saturated colors and sketchy brushwork of Impression but no longer to capture optical sensations

Used for emotional expression in Van Gogh

Used to create structure and order in Cezanne

Escape the modern inustrialized world

Postman Roulin

Van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

High-key colors, agitated brushwork, emotional intensity

Painted very subjectively in terms of color

No clear lines make up the nose but the shapes and colors make it appear as a nose

Painted as if the person is sitting still

Portrait for Gaugin

Van Gogh

Post-impressionism

Van Gogh

Night Cafe

Post-Impressionism

Painted it at night, slept during the day

Red and green - terrible passions of humanity

Color has an emotional purpose

Starry Night

Van Gogh

Post-Impressionism

Tangible form to feelings and ideas

Journey to a star after death

Turbulent motion - nature is alive

Brushstroke indicates uneasiness

Gloomy color with curvy lines

Mont Sainte-Victoire

Cezanne

Parallel lines between houses and mountain

Almost horizontal lines throughout

Post-Impressionism

Admired structure and order

Paint directly from nature but still achieve durable and solid form

Fauvism/Expressionism

1905-1920 and later

Sal d'Automne - 1903, most notorious exhibit - Fauves "wild beasts"

Color

No longer used to describe but express

Abstraction replaces representation

Expressionism - artists subjective feelings take precendence over objective observations

Matisse

Fauvism/Expressionism

his wife

The Joy of Life

Matisse

Fauvism/Expressionism

Harmony and well-being

Color becomes a paradise

Experimented with lines, abstract lines

No facial features, lines carry different qualities

Similar lines differ in meaning according to color

Red Studio

Matisse

Fauvism/Expressionism

Shape and form create a sense of unity like music

Flattened perspective

The world in a way that it made sense to him

Lasted a lot longer

1907-1950

Created by Picasso and Braque

Form

Fragmentation of figure and ground into flat planes/facets

Multiple views

Monochromatic

Figure and ground merged together - space and 3D mass flattened

Use of letters followed by collage

Breakdown of distinction between our world and illusory world of paint on canvas

Geometric rhythms

Traditional subjects

Emigrant

Braque

Cubism

Seated man playing guitar

Simple geometric forms

Classic Renaissance pyramid

Letters - intrusion from the real world

Inspired by Cezannes, parallel brustrokes, color patches, linear motifs echo outward to influence everything around it

The Ladies of Avignon

Picasso

Cubism

Nontraditional elements

Merges figure and background

Fragmenting of figures

Flat angular segments that only hint at 3D

Baroque resemblance

Implied triangles, implied by use of color hues

African influence - masks

Twisted bodies and not all proportional

Guitar, Sheet Music and Glass

Picasso

Cubism

Collage

Three Musicians

Picasso

Cut and paste on construction paper

Cubism

1916-1930

Dada - child's word for horse

Anti-tradition, anti-conventions

Anarchistic, provocative and absurd

Raises questions: What is art? Who makes it? Does art have to be original? Creative? How does something that is not art become art? Can anything be art? Does art depend on context?

Yes to creativity, spontaneity and silliness

Fountain

Duchamp

Dada

Ready-made = work of art that the artist has not made but designated

Just wanted to see if it would be accepted into the exhibit

Art and life can trade places

1920-1940

Grew out of Dada

Influenced by Freud and Jung

Irrational world of dreams and the subconscious

Automatism: writing and drawing from the subconscious

Art sometimes based on the uncontrolled and accidental

Exquisite corpse

A way of life

Persistence of Memory

Surrealism

Dali

The Melted Watches

Paradox - forms are precies and meticulous (super-realistic) but can't possibly be real

Times has stoped and is melting away - triumph over time

Abstract Expressionism (New York School)

Assemblage/Happenings/Fluxus

Pop Art

Minimalism

Conceptual Art

Art in postmodern Era

Number 1 - Jackson Pollock

Abstract Expressionism

Influenced by Surrealism

Unconscious and Automatism

Action-painting - dripping technique, large scale, psychological involvement - into the painting

Not quite abstract but not nonrepresentational

Krooning - Woman IV

Abstract Expressionism

Began from a magazine photograph

Showed true feelings about women

Rothko - Orange and Yellow

Color field painting

Meditative tranquility

Johns - Target with Four Faces

Assemblage

By using already familar motifs, could focus on other things like paradoxes

Target is textured, sensuous and unique

Aesthetic and Emotional distance

100 cans

Warhol

Pop art - visual images taken from mass media and America's pop culture, art and life, art and the commercial

Celebration or criticism of mass production/consumption?

Warhol - Gold Marilyn Monroe

Pop Art

Debased by crude, commercial treatment but glorified by gold setting

Mask of fame

Untitled - Donald Judd

Minimalism - specific objects to be understood as nothing but themselves

Gets rid of representation

A lesson in seeing and perspective

Joseph Kosuth - One and Three Chairs

Conceptual art: about ideas, not primarily about objects or form

Often lightweight, cheap ordinary forms

A way of thinking

Allows artists to surrender direct control, open art up to chance and involve other people