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Definition
integrated systems of beliefs systems and values and there associated symbols patterns of behavior and products. |
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– viewed on spectrum from biologically simple to complex (19th Century social Darwinism). Society and culture evolved just as people did. Optimistic; society is moving forward (Marx, Engles). |
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Definition
| (American) reaction against social Darwinism. They claimed that cultures are unique and should remain so. The language of a people group surpasses all knowledge of a culture. You must learn the language (written, spoken, cultural customs and traditions) to effectively communicate. Language has power over thoughts, concepts, expression, etc. Cultures are incommensurable - you must be a part of a culture in order to comment on it. (Sapir Whorf - Americans) |
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Definition
| (British) reaction to social Darwinism. Every aspect of society is useful (even aberrant and deviant elements); removing one aspect would destroy the culture because society is a living organism and things can’t simply be ripped out. (Bronislaw Malinowski) |
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| compares the structure of a culture to the structure of a language. To understand the part, you have to understand the whole. Meanings of a culture are found within its structures. (Claude Levi Strauss) |
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Term
| 5. Historical Anthropology |
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Definition
| study the historical framework of a culture |
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Definition
culture is a system of symbols. It’s like a text that can be
interpreted; seek to understand symbols as culture understands them but also to get the interconnections and larger meanings that others miss. (Clifford Guertz—studied cockfighting in Bali and found it to be symbolic of their belief of status hierarchy and sexually potent people.) |
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| 7. Postmodern Anthropology |
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Definition
- stresses cultural uniqueness and rejects scientific study of
culture. What’s true is what the people in power say is true. Distrust of symbols. (Michel Foucalt – everything is a power play, there is no such thing as truth) |
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Term
| 8. Functional/Structural/Symbolic |
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Definition
Combination of all 3 systems. (Paul Hiebert – “Culture is more or less integrated systems of beliefs, feelings, and values, and their associated
symbols, patterns of behavior and products shared by a group of people.”) |
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Definition
| this is the entry point into a culture. |
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| the center, driving picture if how we see the world. ____________is not separate from culture but rather at the center of a culture. |
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Definition
| River Analogy – two levels (surface and deeper levels) you only see the surface but most is below. The surface can be affected by external forces (war=wind/storms) but the surface can also be affected by the deeper level. |
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Definition
| misunderstand what people think. Illustration: baby food jars – people thought they were cannibals because the label on the outside of the jar showed the picture of a baby. |
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Definition
| ethnocentrism/egocentrism. We tend to consider our own culture (set of assumptions) as being superior to others but need to attempt to be empathetic and seek to understand. |
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Definition
| premature judgments. We should wait until we understand a culture before we cast judgment. We must take culture and pour it through the grid of Scripture to identify elements that are good and evil to help us contextualize the Gospel to reach people. |
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Definition
| the capacity/ability to communicate the Gospel meaningfully within a specific cultural and existential context. |
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Definition
| ways of perceiving reality. |
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Definition
ways of thinking. Not all cultures think about things the same; some
are concrete, while others are more abstract. |
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Term
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Definition
ways of expressing ideas and communicating through words/language.
Learn the peoples’ heart language and which words to use when translating the Gospel. |
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Definition
| ways of acting: non-verbal, gestures, body language, etc |
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Term
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Definition
ways of channeling communication through words, pictures, TV,
Radio, pod casts, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
ways of interaction; social convention (things understood/assumed). Ex-
dealing with elders and gifts. |
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Term
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Definition
| ways of deciding (corporate vs. individualistic) |
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Term
| We Must Plant Churches in a Way that Embodies the Gospel:4 "selfs" of Church Planting |
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Definition
1. Self-Governing
2. Self-Supporting
3. Self-Propagating
4. Self-Theologizing |
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Term
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Definition
| when the Gospel is mixed with other doctrinal beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
A. Teacher-Centered – teacher (him/herself) confuses the cultural beliefs with the Gospel.
B. Receptor-Oriented – When the receiver of the Gospel confuses the message by adding in
cultural beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| less concerned with appointments. Fewer relationships; more intentional, deeper and more meaningful relationships. (Mexico) |
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Term
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Definition
| time is tangible and should not be wasted (calendar driven) U.S |
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Term
| • Individualistic Culture |
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Definition
| the individual is valued. There is a stress on uniqueness. Avoid social obligations if possible in order to be in complete control of his/her life. |
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Term
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Definition
| focus more on fitting in. Less focus on personal goals and achievements. More family/others focused. |
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Term
| Purpose and Value of Studying World Religions: |
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Definition
1. Assists in fulfilling the Great Commission and in evangelism. To win them
2. Gives us accurate information so we don’t misrepresent other religions
3. Enables us to better understand and love our neighbors |
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Term
| Schools of Comparative Religion |
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Definition
1. Personalism
2. Structuralism
3. Functionalism
4. Normative
5. Historical Religion |
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Term
| 1. Personalism (as it relates to schools of comparative religions) |
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Definition
don’t study theology and methodology, but study people because books and
Traditions that change. Religion is not an object of its own. You can’t really categorize religion. Content and beliefs vary from person to person. Study the person and their beliefs rather than a religion. [Wilfred Cantwell Smith] |
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Term
| 2. Structuralism (as it relates to schools of comparative religions) |
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Definition
what is the hidden structure of the religion? This is not consciously known by
the participants [Hans Penner] |
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Term
| 3. Functionalism (as it relates to schools of comparative religions) |
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Definition
| – [Bronislaw Malinowski / Emil Durkheim] – what role does religion play in the life of society as a whole? |
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Term
| 4. Normative (as it relates to schools of comparative religions) |
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Definition
| are the beliefs of this religion true? [Hendrick Kraemer] |
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Term
| 5. Historical Religion (as it relates to schools of comparative religions) |
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Definition
| (definition by Lewis and Travers): “Beliefs and practices associated with the supernatural.” [Baird] |
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Term
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Definition
1. Folk – what people actually believe
2. Traditional – what people believed first before other religions came in to conquer. |
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Term
| The World has 3 Levels (according to animistic worldview) |
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Definition
a. Other worlds which are unseen – gods, angels, and demons [TOP]
b. This world which is unseen – spirits, ghosts, ancestors, witchcraft, horoscopes [MIDDLE]
c. This world which is seen – empirical data [BOTTOM] |
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Term
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Definition
Path of Desire:
1. Pleasure – not bad unless you lie, steal, or cheat to attain it
2. Success – earthly wealth, etc.
Path of Renunciation
3. Duty / Service to the community; communal good
4. Search for long-term good |
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Term
Four Paths for Four Personalities:
(according to Hinduism) |
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Definition
1. Jnana – seeking God through knowledge
2. Bhakti – seeking God through love; quickest/steepest path to God, love others.
3. Karma – seeking God through work
4. Raja –seeking God through psycho-physical exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| when the human conscience is at one with the world’s soul |
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Term
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Definition
| doctrine of cause and effect [souls enter the body mysteriously for the sake of good \ and bad] |
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Term
| Two Basic Types of Buddhism |
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Definition
1. Theravada – Thailand, Burma, Bangladesh
• Humans are emancipated by self-effort (monk-oriented)
• Buddha as teacher
2. Mahayana – Korea, Japan, Tibet
• Less on works and more on divine power (lay-oriented)
• Buddha as savior |
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Term
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Definition
| “surrender” [religion of surrender] |
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Term
| how many muslims are there worldwide? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1st wife of Muhammed. (they married when she was 40 and he was 25) |
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Term
| • 622 AD (as it relates to Muhammed) |
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Definition
| The time when Muhammad made his “flight” from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib). |
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Term
| • 630 AD (as it relates to Muhammed) |
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Definition
| Muhammad won his final battle and dedicated the Ka’ba (the cube temple) to Allah. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Abu Bakar (2 years)
2. Umar (ruled for 10.5 years and was assassinated in 644)
3. Uthman (was murdered)
4. Ali (cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; murdered)
Shi’a think that Ali should have succeeded Mohammad |
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Term
| “Muhammad’s only miracle” |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| – collection of sayings from Muhammad; almost equal to the Quran in authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the most well-known collection (Hadith). |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of assigning partners with God (ie. the Trinity); the greatest sin. This is a greater sin than flying planes into buildings, rape, murder, theft, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
• Sunni – mainstream traditionalists (87% of all Muslims)
• Shi’ite / Shi’a – partisans (mostly in Iran and Iraq); believe Ali should’ve succeeded Mohammed
• Ahmaddiya – originated in Afganistan. Very westernized. Treated like the Mormans in America.
More of a Movement rather than a denomination
• Sufi – seek to purify Islam; want to add in mystical and spiritual elements and have a personal relationship w/and pray to Allah. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Shahadah - "I testify that there is no god (ilah) but Allah, and I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah".
2. Salah - the requirement to pray five times a day at fixed times.
3. Zakah - the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth
4. Sawm - Three types of fasting (Sawm) are recognized by the Qur'an
5. Hajj - pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Makkah |
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Term
• Rufus Anderson (Congregationalist) and Henry Venn (Anglican)
3 "selfs" of their model of Church planting |
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Definition
o Self-governing
o Self-supporting
o Self-propagating
o Ashford adds: self-theologizing |
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Term
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Definition
| Wrote: The Spontaneous Expansion of the Church |
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Term
| 1. What is the ultimate goal of church planting? |
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Definition
| glorify God [bring Him the greatest glory] |
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Term
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Definition
a group of 4 or 5 baptized believers; practicing the ordinances (i.e.
baptism, Lord’s Supper, etc.); call themselves a church; and seek leadership (i.e. pastor). |
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Term
| Four Principles for Church Planting: George Patterson |
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Definition
1. Know and love the people you disciple. Do life with each other. Witness to heads households and baptize converts quickly.
2. Mobilize the disciples to immediately edify those they are discipling. Disciple in a way that can be imitated and have them teach others—reproducibility is key.
3. Teach and practice obedience to Jesus’ commands to love above all else.
4. Build accountability relationships between disciples and churches. |
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Term
7 Basic Commands of Christ
(as they relate to church planting) |
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Definition
• Repent and believe (Mark 1:15)
• Be baptized and continue in the new life it initiates (Matthew 28:18-20, Acts 2:37-42; Rom. 6:1-22)
• Love God and love others practically (Matt. 22: 37-40)
• Celebrate the Lord’s Supper (Luke 22:17-20)
• Pray (Matt. 6:5-15)
• Give (Matt. 6:19-21; Luke 6:38)
• Disciple others (Matt. 28:18-20) |
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Term
| IMB guide to church planting: |
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Definition
• M odel – show them how to reach others
• A ssist – as they disciple others
• W atch – shadow pasturing
• L eave – sometimes physically |
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Term
| 8 ways to study a people group |
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Definition
1. Geographic mapping or profiling
2. Historical profile
3. Demographic profile
4. Social profile
5. Technological profile
6. Political profile
7. Economic profile
8. Spiritual profile |
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Term
| Contextualization (as it relates to church planting) |
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Definition
| • Seeking to make the gospel and the Church at home in a particular context. |
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Term
| Dialogical Contextualization (as it relates to church planting) |
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Definition
| Answering their needs/questions with the gospel |
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Term
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Definition
| “We should win Muslims by love – not war.” He attempted to evangelize Muslims and talked with the sultan of Egypt, which paved the way for others to share with Muslims. |
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Term
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Definition
| He’d lived a notoriously immoral life before he had multiple visions (Christ on the cross) that ultimately led to his becoming a monk and receiving a missionary call (vision of winning others to Christ) to win the Muslim Saracens (former Sinai peninsula nomads), who fiercely opposed Christians |
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Term
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Definition
| (emperor) made Christianity the empirical/official religion of Rome and outlawed pagan sacrifices. |
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Term
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Definition
| founded the Jesuits (Society of Jesus—this founding was the biggest thing in Catholic missions and was disciplined, organized, and hierarchial). |
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Term
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Definition
• 1549 at 49 years of age, Xavier moved to Japan. He brought the gifts (clock and musket) to the government officials. He had to change his techniques (CONTEXTUALIZATION) and dress nicely. He was licensed to preach in the county because of the gifts that he brought.
Also went to India |
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Term
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Definition
• Probably the most respected writer in Chinese literature
• He was a Jesuit; and studied mathematics. (It is important to learn a trade that could gain you entrance into a country.
• First, shaved his head and dressed like a monk. Then, tried to contextualize with the Confucians in the upper class in an effort to convert China from the top down.
• The Chinese syncretized their religion by continuing to hold ceremonies for their ancestors.
• 1601 – Juan Lee invited Richey to work in the palace. They were impressed with his math/engineering skills. There he saw about 2000 conversions, some of whom were government officials and scholars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Austrian nobleman who gave himself to evangelism. There were no societies, so he sent himself and paid his own way. “We focus more on fine clothes rather than spreading the Gospel…” |
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Term
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Definition
| organized the SPCK (Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge) – distributed books and literature. Also founded the SPCG (Society for the Propagation of the Gospel)—first missionary society. |
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Term
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Definition
| – lived among Indians; was friends with Jonathan Edwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Nicholas Van Zinzendorf) started an around-the-clock prayer chain that lasted for over 100 years. |
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Term
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Definition
poor cobbler in North Hampton, England.
• became the father of the modern missions movement; biggest figure in the missions movement since Paul
• They arrived in Bengal and were not welcomed. His work was in the areas of evangelism and Bible translation. After 7 years, there were no converts |
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Term
| 16 things Cary accomplished in life |
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Definition
1. Scientist (Botanist)—published books about plants, had a plant named after him. The study of science is good and rightly done will point to God as creator.
2. Engineer – made paper for the publishing industry
3. Economist – thought charging interest was wrong; started the savings bank
4. Medically minded – had compassion on the sick and was an advocate for lepers
5. Printer – introduced the printing press to India
6. Journalist – started magazine “Friend of India” that catalyzed the social reform movement in India
7. Agriculturalist – worked at an indigo plantation and helped improve cultivation techniques
8. Man of Letters – cared about books – he translated/published books in the language of the lowest caste
9. Professor – taught Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi at the college in Calcutta
10. Astronomy – tried to show that Astrology was wrong
11. Librarian – introduced India to lending libraries
12. Forestry – wrote essays on forestry
13. Human Rights Advocate – stood against polygamy, euthanasia, abortion, illiteracy, etc.
14. Influencer of Public Administrators – helped form the notion of civil service – government should serve the people.
15. Good Theologian and Ethicist – sought to reconnect theology and practical ethics
16. Transformer of Culture—father of the Indian Renaissance |
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Term
| 7 Ways Carey Changed the Missions World: |
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Definition
1. Wrote Enquiry which was influential in starting a missions agency
2. Haystack prayer meeting
3. Over 12 missions agencies were started within 25 years after Carey went
4. Carey was an evangelist in India who used all of his resources; gifts, talents, abilities, money, social connections, etc. (every possible medium) to glorify God
5. Translated or published Scriptures in 40 languages
6. Ralph Winter says he ushered in the first era of the modern missions movement
7. Carey impacted worldwide missions not just missional work in India b/c of his single-minded zeal and dedication |
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Term
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Definition
| “Christianity and Commerce” |
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Term
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Definition
• He went to college when he was 16 years old [he became a Deist]
• Later was converted and enrolled in seminary
• Was a teacher/playwright
• He worked with the Burmese
• He became a Baptist because he believed in the purpose and essence of believer’s baptism; as opposed to infant baptism
• “What you believe about the church is directly related to your doctrine of baptism.”
• Suffered/persecuted |
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Term
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Definition
| Engaged to Crawford Toy from Southern Seminary; the Christmas offering for the IMB is named in her honor. |
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Term
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Definition
| inland missions began to take hold in China. The missions movement moved from the coastlands to the interior regions and contextualized the Gospel. Founded China Inland Missions and planted churches. |
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Term
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Definition
| nicknamed: “Steam Engine in Britches” Calvinist who evangelized Muslim of the new reformed church of America. Founded “Muslim World” Magazine. His daughters died while the family served in the Middle East. |
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Term
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Definition
| Worked in India (Methodist Missionary) believed the Gospel should be contextualized. Evangelized intellectuals |
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Term
| • William Cameron Townsend |
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Definition
| founded SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics) and Wycliffe Bible translators. In 57 years, they had translated the Scriptures into some 1,200 languages. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Shadow of the Almighty |
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Term
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Definition
“Missionaries of Charity” in Calcutta, India.
“Let the poor seeing you be drawn to Christ…”
“Draw them to God – never to yourself…” |
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Term
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Definition
| A Theology of Liberation – sin is structural rather than personal (it’s found in the government and in the institutions of society; people need to be liberated from these institutions) |
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Term
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Definition
| Azusa Street in California. They are serious about doing missions. Inclusive of all races but not all socioeconomic levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bethel Bible School in Kansas (revival broke out) |
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