Term
| why does the u.s. governement regulate the use of feed additives in animal diets? |
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Definition
| for the safety of human and animal consumption |
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Term
| name the government agencies that regulate feed-additive use in animal diets |
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Definition
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Term
| name the 7 elements that must appear on a feed label and explain their significance |
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Definition
1) quantity
2) product name and purpose
3) guaranteed nutrient analysis
4) ingredient consumption
5) directions for use
6) precautionary statement
7) name and address of the manufacturer |
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Term
| know additional labeling requirements for medicated feeds |
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Definition
1) "medicated" must appear
2) label claim/accepted trade name
3) withdrawl statements |
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Term
| know the categories of feed-additive drugs and their significance to human health |
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Definition
-category 1: low residue, no preharvest withdrawal
-category 2: preharvest withdrawal required, zero tolerance policy |
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Term
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Definition
-specifies the net weight of a packaged feed product
-sales invoices for bulk feeds muct include a reference to net weight |
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Term
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Definition
-product names must be clearly displayed on the label
-targeted animal species and class must be specified |
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Term
| guaranteed nutrient analysis |
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Definition
-crude protein min
-crude fat min
-crude fiber max
-calcium min and max
-phosphorous min
-sodium chloride min and max |
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Term
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Definition
-identifies all ingredients included in the products, but does not specify portions
-ingredients are usually listed in order of the most abundant to least abundant(not required)
-ingredient names can be either soecific or collective |
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Term
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Definition
-specify how the product is to be incorporated into animal diets
-include instructions for feeding and mixing |
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Term
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Definition
-supplementary information needed to use the product safely
-visual cue to prevent inappropriate use |
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Term
| name and address of manufacturer |
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Definition
| -allows consumers to alert manufacturers of potential problems or to obtain additional information about products |
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Term
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Definition
-statement or suggestion of anticipated improvements in animal health of performance resulting from product use
-requires FDA approval as a feed-additive drug |
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Term
| understand how animal age, sanitation, and management influence animal response to feed additives |
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Definition
-mature animals: less responsive
-clean environment: less responsive
-stressful environment: more responsive |
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Term
| describe the use and mode and action of beta agonists |
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Definition
| orally active compounds that repartition nutrients toward lean muscle deposition and away from fat deposition |
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Term
| how do non-ionophore antibiotics work? |
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Definition
| allows animals to be more useful and efficient; decreases antibiotic use |
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Term
| name the classes of feed additives and their general activities |
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Definition
-antibiotics: ionophore and non-ionophore
-chemotheraputic agents: anthelminthics, coccidiostats, anti-bacterial
-probiotics
-preservatives and antioxidants
-growth promotants |
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Term
| specific functions of feed additives |
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Definition
-stimulate growth
-improve feed efficiency
-improve animal health
-repartition nutrients toward muscle development |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by a living organism to inhibit the growth of another organism |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic or organic compound that inhibits the growth of organisms but is not produced by a lving organism |
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Term
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Definition
| used to prevent and treat coccidosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organisms produced from specific microbial cultures that flourish in the GIT and 'weed out' harmful organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that prevent rancidity (usually fats or ingredients high in fat) |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds used to prevent product deterioration (mold inhibitors) |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic, polyether compounds that destroy gram-positive bacteria in the rumen |
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Term
| describe the effects of heat, moisture, and pressure on the structure and digestibility of starch |
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Definition
-disrupts protein matrix surrounding starch granules
-disorganizes granules
-increases ruminal starch fermentation
-altered bulk density |
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Term
| describe the process of steam flaking and identify the major components of a steam flaker |
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Definition
| grain → steam chest → rollers → sample → weigh → adjust temperature, pressure, time, gap size |
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Term
| describe how steam flaking influences rate, extent, and site of starch digestion |
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Definition
-increases energy value of grains
-increases ruminal digestion of starch
-decreases ruminal protein availability
-increaces feed efficiency
-increases growth and milk production |
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Term
| describe the process of pelleting and identify the major components of a pellet mill. describe how pelleting influences diet characteristics |
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Definition
-steam and pressure alter structure of nutrients in feed
-feed is forced through a die
--reduces feed wastage
--prevents ingredient segregation
--improves flowability
--increases nutrient digestibility |
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Term
| describe the process of extrusion |
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Definition
-ground material forced through horizontal cylinder using high-pressure auger
-packed into smaller space causing friction
-heat, pressure, and shear alter ingredient stucture
-forced through small die at end of cylinder
-feedstuff expand as they exit the extruder |
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Term
| why are animal feeds processed? |
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Definition
-improves animal performance
-improves mixing characteristics of diet
-improves feed handling
-simplifies bunk or feeder managment |
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Term
| how does extrusion influence diet characteristics? |
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Definition
-bulk density decreases dramatically
-feed texture changes dramatically
-used cheifly to produce snack foods, breakfast cereals, floating fish feeds, and pet food |
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Term
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Definition
| an order-disorder phase transition |
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Term
| describe hammer mills with major strengths |
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Definition
swinging hammers
-easily produces wide range of particle size
-accomidates a wide variety of ingredients
-lesser initial and maintenance cost
-easy to operate |
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Term
describe hammer mills with major weaknesses
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Definition
swinging hammers
-less energy efficient
-generates more heat, dust, and noise
-less uniform particle size |
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Term
describe roller mills with major strengths
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Definition
one or more rollers
-more energy efficient
-greater particle size uniformity
-generates less heat, dust, and noise |
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Term
describe roller mills with major weaknesses
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Definition
one or more rollers
-poor performance with fibrous ingredients
-greater initial and maintenance cost |
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Term
| advantages of finely grinding feedstuffs |
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Definition
-increased surface area
-greater access by digestive enzymes
-increased nutrient digestibility
-decreased nutrient excretion
-improved feed efficiency |
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Term
| disadvantages of finely grinding feedstuff |
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Definition
-increased dustiness
-increased power consumption
-increased processing time
-decreased feed flowability
-increased gastric ulcers in pigs
-increased ruminitis, bloat, and acidosis in cattle |
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Term
| how do feed manufacturers prevent residue contamination? |
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Definition
flush mixer with ground corn
medicated diet → nursery diet → grower diet → sow diet → finisher diet
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Term
| what is the general order in which feeds should be added to mixer? |
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Definition
-half the grain
-protein source
-premixes and medications
-half the grain
-mix time starts once everything is in mixer
-never mix a batch less than 33% of mixer |
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Term
| various stratedgies for weaning pigs |
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Definition
-breaks vertical disease transmission from sow to pig
-isolation from older pigs breaks horizontal disease transmission from pig to pig |
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Term
| effects of early life nutrition on growth, health, and lifetime productivity |
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Definition
| growth during the first week post-weaning drives long-term life performance |
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Term
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Definition
-maximized performance
- reduced cost
-minimized over feeding and under feeding of nutrients
-requires nutrient excretion |
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Term
| what are the distinguishing characteristics of SEW, transition, phase 2, and phase 3 diets? |
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Definition
-SEW, transition, and phase 2: dried whey, spray dried plasma, spray dried blood meal, fish meal
-phase 3 has no dried whey, spray dried plasma, spray dried blood meal, fish meal |
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Term
| principles of proper feeder adjustment |
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Definition
-roughly 50% of bottom of feeder should be showing
-indicates balance between feed wastage and access |
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Term
| when do feed prices have the greatest impact on the cost of pork production? |
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Definition
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Term
| under what circumstances is it most beneficial to add fat to finishing diets? |
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Definition
| if you want to increase ADG |
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Term
| what happens to lysine requirement as energy intake increases? |
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Definition
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Term
| when is lysine intake most critical to pig performance? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does lysine intake affect requirements of other amino acids? |
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Definition
| when lysine increases amino acids must increase |
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Term
| describe the principles for ractopamine use during finishing |
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Definition
-improved weight gain and feed efficiency
-increased carcass weight
-increased muscularity and percent carcass lean |
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