The N. Wei was founded by the _______, the last tribe of Xianbei nomadic pastoralists to migrate _______ and take up ____________.  The Tuoba’s recent nomadic pastoral heritage gave them strong ________ skills, important on the ________. 13

The N Wei introduced important reforms to overcome economic problems that had stymied the _______________.  These reforms, which lasted several hundred years under the Sui and Tang Dynasties, included the “_____________ System” which gave ownership of __________to the___________, and the ____________Military System, which gave land to __________in return for military service. 13

The N. Wei also utilized Buddhism to increase their spiritual power.

Early N Wei emperors did this by claiming to be the _________whereas later emperors derived legitimacy by portraying themselves as _______ of Buddhism, helping to bring their ____________ to    ______________.13

Cultural diversity challenged the N. Wei’s ability to effectively rule

The third Emperor Tai Wu realized the importance of gaining the _________ of his Chinese subjects after being ________ by one of his Chinese________ , Minister Cui Hao. 13

The Northern Wei’s sixth Emperor, Xiao Wen sought to erase the cultural divide by introducing a _____________ policy in 493 AD, changing the surname of the Tuoba to________ , prohibited Xianbei _________or clothes, adopting Chinese_______ , and ordering officials to adopt Chinese ______, perform Chinese ceremonies with Chinese_________.13

The N. Wei collapsed due to opposition from ___________ on the ____________border, who resented their loss of _______________ through sinification.13

Several factors contributed to the Sui’s unification of China

One key to the rise of the Sui was that they were able to ______________ Chinese with ________  They did this by ____________into a southern _____________family, combining elements of both the north and south ____________,adopting an ______________system for officials, and building the ____________to link the North and South. 14

Under Sui, Buddhism resolved religious divisions, by incorporating both the southern _________and northern ___________ beliefs and ___________incorporating important figures in these religions as ____________. 14

The institutions the Sui used to their advantage included the _______ system, that gave them direct access to the_________, the ___________system, which was __________-funding, and a more _____________bureaucracy regulated by the “rule of_________”, which prohibited officials from serving in ____________. 14

The same material factors that contributed to the decay of the Han also led to the decline of the Tang: ___________declined as more _______were forced to become __________by powerful ________.   At the same time, the Tang faced expensive _______with the _________, _________ and Turks. 14

Squeezed by declining revenue and rising___________, the Tang were unable to pay their military and relied on ___________, who later revolted. 14

The Song Dynasty was noted for its early industrial revolution, in which agriculture, industry and commerce were transformed.

In the Song, China’s population center shifted to the __________where new rice varieties from __________.allowed __________.per year produced on a __________.paddy.  Rice cultivation can support a __________population per unit area, and this is what led to a dramatic __________in China’s population from __________to __________million people. 16

Increased agricultural surplus made industrial advancement possible.

 __________proposed that the 3 inventions most crucial to the transformation of Europe were__________, __________and the__________  All three were invented in__________ and used on a broad scale in __________China. 16

Ideational factors (spread of Buddhism) and material factors (mobile society and restrained state) contributed to the Song’s early industrial revolution. 

One ideational factor that helped to produce the higher savings necessary for economic growth under the Song was a __________.in preferences for the __________.compared to preferences for the  __________. People were made  __________.of the future by a shift from a __________.sense of time to a __________sense of time under ____________. 16

A number of material factors also contributed to the Song’s economic explosion:

A society which was more __________.and __________due to the spread of

__________ agriculture, which encouraged ______  scale land holding and manufacturing,

the elimination of the old __________Dynasty __________elite

a system of land __________system which __________. the power of wealthy families, and the opening of government civil service

the power of wealthy families, and

the opening of government civil service  __________to all, and

the constraining of __________state power, through strict __________.of the military, and introduction of the __________and the board of __________. 16

Mongols derived great military power from their pastoral nomadic lifestyle.

As pastoral nomads, every Mongol man learns the skills of _________.in__________.  Mongol men practiced the art of war by conducting large scale highly organized__________., in which riders learn to __________.in tight and structured formations around their __________. 18

Temujin was able to harness the power of Mongols by uniting them.

_________ taught Temujin that he needed to build personal alliances ________ his tribe.in order to survive.   He relied on two types of relationships to build a personal network: the Anda or sworn __________..relations, and ties to Nokhors, who __________.their own tribe to give complete __________.to __________. 18

Temujin, as Chinggis Khan, used religion to unite the Mongol people.  He claimed that__________.the Mongol’s__________., gave him the mission to bring the world under one __________.  18

______ loyalties were weakened by Chinggis Kahn’s policy of intentionally mixing soldiers of different ___________ within the army, and by the shift from ________ cattle to ________ for surplus. 18

Factors that led to the quick collapse of the Great Mongol Empire were the Mongol’s lack of a formalized system of __________.or an organized__________. 18

Ideational factors contributed to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty’s quick_______.  The Mongol’s lacked a unifying religion able to demonstrate that the Khan had a __________ to the gods.  The Mongol elite practiced __________..Buddhism while the Chinese followed __________.Buddhism. 18

The Mongol’s __________.their rule of China with the __________.policies they enacted against the Chinese: barring them from __________, exacting taxes __________..on Chinese, and levying harsher penalties on Chinese for __________crimes. 18

The nail in the Yuan’s coffin was the extremely costly__________., against __________.and Java, and expensive __________..projects, such as the Grand__________, postal __________.system, the new __________.in Beijing and summer in Shangdu, which taxed the__________. to the point of breaking. 18

Ming rule was authoritarian and strict.  

In contrast to the Sung Emperors, Taizu, the __________.emperor of the Ming, ________ bureaucratic checks on his authority to ___________ and mold Ming__________ .  19

To _________.his civil officials, he __________.the position of_________, removed the…__________Mat, ________his officials and refused to assign them _________ to do. 19

Taizu put up signs with _________.messages, established__________ to instill loyalty, set up the village ________system outside the__________, and established a __________to dominate the lives of his Ming subjects. 19

The emperors after Yongle likely _________ the missions because they had less of a need to demonstrate their_________, having ascended to power through the proper _________ process.  19

The powerful __________.class also opposed the expeditions to protect their ________.from merchants.19

Repressive rule and ineffective government led to the Ming’s collapse.

The _________rule of Ming emperors eliminated the opportunity for the Ming state to _________.by taxing trade.19

Confucian officials viewed Ming emperors as __________ and turned their focus on personal gain and ________.  19

The________  succession rule produced a string of _______ emperors, uninterested in_________.  Power was held instead by poorly trained, corrupt_________.  19

The Manchu rose to power under Nuerhaci, who used the Ming’s Wei Suo system __________.to gain power, by using his position as __________to bestow titles to local chiefs, transferring their __________.to__________, not to Beijing.20

Ideational factors contributed to the Qing’s military success and economic prosperity.

In contrast to the Ming, the Qing Emperors were able to regain __________in the eyes of the __________ and the people. 20

While their __________ background helped, the early Qing emperors consciously attempted to show they possessed the mandate __________ by restoring Confucian officials to their rightful__________, funding their__________, emulating the Confucian ideal of a junzi through__________, scholarly achievement , and taking numerous __________.throughout China. 20

The Qing __________ brought __________.Emperors to the throne, while the Qing emperors successfully __________. the bureaucracy by using the Secret __________system and appointment of loyal ethnic __________to all upper levels of government.  20 

Qing emperors practiced a form of …__________.conducive for economic growth, through a __________form of __________. 20

The Manchu finally subdued the Mongols by successfully __________of eastern Mongols from western Mongols and employing __________.  The Qing successfully ruled Central Asians by respecting their ___________ and manipulating their _______ symbols. 20

Increased trade under the Qing fostered the growth of __________ towns and _________.traders, which in turn led to commercialization of ________ and the development of a network of __________. 20

Evidence demonstrating that the Jomon were also  _________..included the heavy  __________.and  _______  tools .they used, signs that they had  ________..their houses, the existence of  _________.and large villages.  This type of lifestyle was made possible by  __________-rich habitats available within a short distance, including:  __________., rivers, seashores, bays, and __________.21

Military strength was needed for survival in an increasingly _________..environment.   The signs of security threat included the  _________..of arrowheads, __________.. , stockades and  _________.surrounding villages, and skeletons with missing  __________.or embedded __________. points. 21

The Yayoi vastly expanded production of agricultural____________ by introducing _________tools and the irrigation of _______fields. 21

Yayoi leaders also gained spiritual power by doubling as ___________ , acting as a medium, ________ the will of the gods through the ritual of _________.

The origin of the Yayoi civilization has been highly politicized in Japan.  21

Physical evidence, however, indicates that the Jomon and Yayoi were very _________.   Yayoi people were an inch or two  __________.,with close-set eyes, high and  __________.faces, and  __________.brow ridges and noses.  20 

  Yayoi genes are similar to those of  __________..and  __________.Japanese, while Jomon genes are close to modern day  __________.in Hokkaido.  20

State building began with the Yamato.  Beginning in 300 AD, enormous earth-mound _______  called Kofun, in the shape of_________, appeared throughout Japan, signifying the rise of one ________. 22

The Yamato Kings still lacked many features of a fully developed state, though, including:

A formal _______________

___________

Control of __________regions

A _________city

Clear__________

Official __________ . 22

In 602, Prince Shotoku established a set of _________ for the government with a 17 article ___________. 22

Emperor Temmu and Jito further strengthened the state, helping to establish __________.as capital city, creating a  bureaucracy with 8 _______, and dispatching_________. to 60 provincial capitals. 22

Ideational factors contributed to state building.  The Emperor increased spiritual power through a new title ‘__________.,’ meaning “heavenly _________.”which linked the Emperor by __________ to Sun _________.  22

The Emperor also played an important spiritual role as the official__________ of ________ and Shinto.  He had religious __________ to carry out to make sure that _________ looked after the _________. 22

Central government collapsed during the Heian Period due to the rise of powerful landlords who __________state land, and used __________ to take over the land of weaker families through the system of__________.   22

The government was deprived of _________.   Its Governors became __________, while private security forces, the__________, replaced the conscript army.22

The Kamakura Shogun’s government had three main organs: one ______ , one ________, and one administrative.  At the local level, the Shogun appointed two key positions: the Jito (estate__________) and the __________.(military__________.). 23

The Jito’s responsibility was to _________ and forward them on to the__________, and provide local police and judiciary services.  The Shugo provided security and acted as a _________between the shogun government and Jito. 23

The material factor sees the initial rise of the Shogunate representing the power of ________.  The Shogun could maintain power as long as he could ______  the samurai’s loyalty with _____ from new _______. 23

The samurai’s belief in _________ was the ideational factor accounting for the rise of the Kamakura Shogun.  Zen carried with it the ______ value of _____  and the Daoist value of_______ , allowing the samurai to _________ carry out tasks for the Shogun government. 23

The lack of ________ from China or Korea removed the need for a ____________  for defense.  The lawlessness of Japan’s large __________.region, though, necessitated the existence of private local __________forces, the__________, which later formed the backbone of the Shogun’s power. 23

The ________  factor offers the best explanation for the decline of the Kamakura Shogunate, who was unable to __________ the samurai for defeating the__________.  The samurai thus transferred their loyalty to the Shugo and Jito, who became _________.and __________. 23

Increased external threat during the Warring States period led the fiefs (called__________) to _________.power, using__________ to gather the funds for new  ________ armies and to engage in an _________that included construction of _________ and adoption of ____________. 23

For a steam engine requires a__________, in which a__________ runs up and down, a complicated __________mechanism, so the motion of the piston can be turned into a __________motion, and a __________.that will generate enough __________.at high pressure regularly to run the whole machine. 25

Cylinder technology can be traced back to ________ and gunpowder weapons, boiler technology requires the use of ________ for scientific experiments, and the feedback mechanism requires previous development of ______ technology.   The ______ of clocks were developed from skills used to make _______ in water wheels. 25

The material factor points to differences in government and society.  In Europe, __________ weakened central authority, allowing for ____________.of ideas.  In Ming China, one __________ could insist on ideological__________.  Society was more _________, dominated by ______________, recruited through__________. 25

Considering the ideational factor, for industrialization to occur, it’s helpful to have a worldview that allows humans to __________nature.  While Christian __________in England in 1830 felt that __________of the world illustrated the __________of the creator, __________.in China were focused on the __________world, rather than the physical one. 25

External threat also influenced the development of technology.  Even though the Chinese created ______________, the Ming ________ them after securing dominance in East Asia.   In Europe, the fight of states for __________led to advances in__________ technology that were vitally important for the later development of  __________.technology needed for steam engines. 25

The Tokugawa Shogun __________the daimyo by requiring them to __________ in Edo, which meant they had to spend __________traveling with their __________and maintaining an __________ in Edo. 26

Material factors can account for why Japan reformed before China.  Japan’s feudal political structure was critical for the success of the ___________.  Japan’s feudal fiefs, called____, gave samurai reformers the opportunity to organize in the fiefs of ___________and Satsuma, and ________ with reforms, which was important to overthrowing the Tokugawa. 26

The Japanese social structure made reform and industrialization more likely there than in China.  The Japanese ruling class of samurai were already economically weaker than Chinese__________.  Samurai were more __________.on their superiors for salary, didn’t have their own __________and didn’t take__________.  The samurai’s stipends had declined during the peaceful Tokugawa period, and some were interested in new opportunities under reform. 26

Ideational Factors also contributed to Japan’s rapid reform and industrialization.  Japan’s Emperor received political power from blood ties to Amaterasu, not through the Confucian  ______. Japan’s leaders therefore didn’t need to claim to be the__________, and could publicly acknowledge the need for__________. Shinto Emperor worship also helped to mobilize the  __________for the __________ effort. 26

Japan’s feudal political system resulted in a very productive agricultural sector which was helpful for industrialization.  Japanese agricultural sector provided necessary __________manpower and __________ to fund the establishment of factories, __________, harbors, and railways. 26

The Meiji restoration __________.the old__________, creating a powerful central  __________.  A __________economy was also established, through establishment of__________ property rights. 26

Ideational factors contributed to Opium War by hampering smooth negotiations between the Qing government and England.   The _____________ held that the Chinese Emperor was the ___________________and prevented Qin government officials from ____________ the representatives of other governments. 27

Ideational factors can also account for why China was so late to reform.  The Mandate of Heaven prevented Chinese from perceiving foreign threat as a top priority, as is clear in Prince  __________ beliefs about Qing government priorities.  He viewed the Taiping and Nian __ rebellions as a ___________________, but Russia as _________, and the English as ______________.  So, dealing with the the ___________________was a greater priority than dealing with the  ____________. 27

Material Factors can account for the failure of the Qing government to industrialize through the ________ Revival.   __________blocked western educated talent from entering the central government__________ The bureaucracy was __________, politicized and ineffective, and the central government had lost power to __________who had successfully suppressed the __________ . 27

The modern business sector under the Qing was also too __________ to lead industrialization  - it was primarily made up of compradors– who __________between Westerners and the __________.  Traditional merchants in the _________ and silk export industries were uncompetitive and failed to provide new investment. 27