Term
| Psychodynamic Theory (Psychosocial) |
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Definition
| Focuses on how a person's emotions, wants and desires create behavior. Focus is mainly on the processses that occur inside the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on how a person's intellectual abilities and processes change as they mature. Focus is mainly on the processes that occur inside the individual. |
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Term
| Behavior (learning) Theory |
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Definition
| Focuses on how people act and the reasons that determine those actions. Focus is primarily on how an individual's environment affects their actions rather than considering inward growth as the primary factor. |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory |
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Definition
Theory developed by Sigmond Freud. It includes five stages:
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latent Period
- Genital
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory First Stage |
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Definition
Oral, Birth to 1 year:
The infant's primary source of interaction is through the mouth. A sense of trust and comfort is developed through oral stimulation. Conflict occurs during the weaning process. If fixation occurs it is believed that a person develops issues with dependency or aggression. |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory Second Stage |
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Definition
Anal, 1 to 3 years:
The primary focus of the libido is in controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict is toliet training when a child has to learn to control their bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. Positive experiences during this stage serve as the basis for people to become competent productive and capable adults. |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory third stage |
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Definition
Phallic, 3 to 6 years:
The primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. Children begin to discover the difference between males and females. This stage is where Oedipus and Electra Complex occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| A boys feelings of wanting to possess their mother and replace their father. |
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Term
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Definition
| A girls feelings of wanting to possess their wather and replace thier mother. Freud referred to this as "penis envy". |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory fourth stage |
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Definition
Latent Period, 6 to puberty:
The libido interests are suppressed. Development of the ego and superego occurs. Exploration occurs that is directed into intellectual pursuits and social interactions. The stage is important to the development of social communication skills and self-confidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of a person's personality that acts as a moderator between the other parts of that person's personality. The intermediary between the person and the outside world. Sets up ego defenses (can be healthy or unhealthy). There are seven ego defenses. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person acts or thinks the way they did when they were younger or less mature than now. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person will not acknowledge to themselves what they are thinking, feeling, or wanting do. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person will not believe that a situation or event is true. |
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Term
| Rationalization (ego defense) |
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Definition
| Is used to make up reasons to defend beliefs, feelings, or actions that are contrary to societal rules. |
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Term
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Definition
| The person telling themselves that their own thoughts and feeelings are really someone else's. |
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Term
| Displacement (ego defense) |
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Definition
| Occurs when a person's feelings or opinions about something are unjustifiably associated with something else. |
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Term
| Sublimation (ego defense) |
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Definition
| Taking a feeling or behavior that is contrary to societal rules and changing it to fit those rules. |
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Term
| The four autonomous functions of the ego |
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Definition
- Reality Testing
- Reality of the World
- Reality of the self
- Judgement
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Term
| Reality Testing (autonomous function of the ego) |
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Definition
| The person's ability to see the difference between what is actually taking place in the world around them and what they want to happen. |
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Term
| Reality of the world (autonomous function of ego) |
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Definition
| What is happening outside. |
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Term
| Reality of self (autonomous function of the ego) |
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Definition
| What is happening inside. |
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Term
| Judgment (autonomous function of the ego) |
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Definition
| A person being able to list all the available reactions, figure out what will likely happen if a particular reaction is used, and decide which reaction best fits the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of our personality composed of internalized ideas that have been acquired from our parents and society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Present from birth. The only part of the personality that is entirely unconscious. It is the source of psychic energy. Strives for immediate gratification of all desires. |
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Term
| Psychosexual Development Theory fifth stage |
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Definition
Genital, puberty to death:
The individual develops strong sexual interests. Interest in the welfare of others grows. If other stages are completed successfully, the person will be well-balanced, warm and caring. The goal is to develop balance in major life areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Believed that children wwere not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently.
Described the cognitive development of children involving changes in cognitive process and abilities.
Early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. |
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Term
| Schemas (Piaget Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| Described the mental and physical actions involved in understanding and knowing. Categories that help us understand the world. As experiences happen, this information is used to modify, addto, or change previously existing schemas. |
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Term
| Assimilation (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema's. |
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Term
| Accommodation (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| Changing or altering our existing schemas in light of new information. |
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Term
| Equilibration (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| All children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Helps explain how children are able to move from one stage of thought into the next. |
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Term
| Decentration (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| The ability to move away from one system of classification to another one as appropriate. |
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Term
| Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
1. Sensory Motor Stage (0-24 months)
2. Preoperational Stage (ages 2-6)
3. Concrete Operational Stage (age 7-11)
4. Formal Operational Stage (age 12 - adulthood) |
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Term
| Sensorimotor Stagge of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
| Lasts from birth to age 2. Centered on the infant trying to make sense of the world. Knowledge of the world is limited to their sensory perceptions and motor activities. |
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Term
| Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
1. Reflexes (0 - 1 month)
2. Primary Circular Reactions (1 - 4 months)
3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of Reactions (8-12 months)
5. Tertiary Circular Reactions (12- 18 months)
6. Early Representational Thought (18 - 24 months) |
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Term
| Reflexes (Piaget's Stage Theory Sesorimotor Subset) |
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Definition
0 - 1 month
The child understands the environment purely through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking. |
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Term
| Primary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Subset) |
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Definition
1 - 4 months
Involves coordinating sensation and new schemas. |
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Term
| Secondary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
4 - 8 months
The child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment. |
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Term
| Coordination of Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Subset) |
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Definition
(8 - 12 months)
The child starts to show clearly intentional actions. The child may also combine schemas in order to achieve a desired effect. Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others. |
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Term
| Tertiary Circular Reactions (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
(12 - 18 months)
Children to begin a period of triat-and-error experimentation. |
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Term
| Early Representational Thought (Piaget's Stage Theory Sensorimotor Substage) |
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Definition
(18 - 24 months)
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world. During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions. |
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Term
| Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Developmen (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
(ages 2 - 6)
Language development - children do not yet understand concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take the point of view of other people.
Children also become adept at using symbols. |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
(ages 7 - 11)
Children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking ligically about concrete events but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. |
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Term
| Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development (Piaget's Stage Theory) |
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Definition
(age 11 - adulthood)
People develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. Skills such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also emerge during this stage. |
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