Term
| What are some other names for ABR? |
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Definition
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Term
-Human ABR first published in ___ as cochlear action potentials by Sohmer and Feinmesser
-Jewett and Williston (1970-1971) first to correctly describe the sequence of the ABR waveform as components of responses arising from the ___ ___ and various auditory ___ structures |
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Definition
| 1967; auditory nerve; brainstem |
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Term
ABR:
-Considered a ___-field response
-Early ___ potential
-Short latencies (within __ ms of stimulus onset)
-Highly influenced by ___ factors
-___ neuron response
-___ firing of many neurons
-Have to present an ___ sound so they can fire at the same time |
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Definition
| far; exogenous; 10; stimulus; Onset; Synchronous; abrupt |
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Term
Click:
-___ onset
-Usually __ ms
-Response generated by ___ frequencies in the click spectrum in normal ears
-Delivered with a conventional ____ (insert or headphone)
-Activates roughly ___-___ Hz. More apical (lower frequency) areas of the cochlea may be activated by the click but do not ___ to the response in normal hearers
-Most effective for eliciting a response, but lack ___ specificity |
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Definition
| Abrupt; 0.1; higher; earphone; 1000-8000; contribute; frequency |
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Term
Filtered Clicks:
-Wide-spectrum click passed through a set or series of ___
-Produces a ___ stimuli with energy centered at desired
frequencies
-Intensity level is determined at the center ___
-___ used in the clinic
-Not super ___. specific |
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Definition
| filters; transient; frequency; Rarely; freq |
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Term
Paired Clicks:
-Presentation of a “standard” click is followed by a ___ click
-The time difference between the two clicks in the pair is ___
-Interstimulus intervals ranging from ___ ms down to ___ ms
-First click generations action potentials in the ___ portion of the auditory nerve (ABR wave I)
-Second click can be presented before nerve fibers have fully ___ – will produce excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
-Wave form of first click is ___ waveform for pair of clicks– should be left with EPSPs |
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Definition
| second; manipulated; 4.0; 0.1; distal; recovered; subtracted |
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Term
Stimulus Trains:
-Technique for simultaneous recoding of ABR with auditory ___ response (ALR)
-Trains of tone pips with an interval of ___ seconds between
each train
-Each tone pip within train acts as a ___ ___ stimuli
-Each train acts as a single ___ unit for ALR
-Often results in ___ amplitude
-Can have ___ frequency or ___-frequency trains
-For looking beyond the ___ |
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Definition
| late; 2.5; tone burst; stimulus; reduced; single; multi; brainstem (cortical response) |
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Term
Noise Stimuli:
-Used most often in ___
-Investigating ___ response properties of cochlea and
auditory nerve
-Assesses temporal ___ and temporal ___ |
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Definition
| research; temporal; processing; resolution |
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Term
| Temporal ___ issue may be contributing to hidden hearing loss |
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Definition
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Term
Speech Stimuli:
-Presented ___-threshold
-___ often used (such as watching a video)
-Interstimulus interval of ___ ms between offset of one train and onset of consecutive train
-Can compare signal in isolation with signal in ___ ___
-Requires specialized ___ and analysis |
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Definition
| supra; Distracter; 12; background noise; equipment |
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Term
| What are 4 transducers that can be used for an ABR? |
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Definition
-Supra-Aural Headphones
-Insert Earphones
-Bone Vibrator
-Soundfield |
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Term
Supra-Aural Headphones:
-Used to assess ___ conduction thresholds
-Used with automated ABR for ___
-Used with ___ ear canals
-Used with ___ |
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Definition
| air; infants; stenotic; atresia |
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Term
Insert Earphones:
-Used with ___ ear canals
-Used with ___ hearing
-Used to reduce ___ with electrodes
-Need to account for ___ ___ when compared to headphones. ___ ms delay if no correction applied automatically |
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Definition
| collapsing; asymmetric; interference; time difference; 0.9 |
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Term
Bone Vibrator:
-Used to verify ___ of hearing loss
-Used to identify ___-___ gap
-Used to bypass ___ and ___ ear pathologies |
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Definition
| type; air-bone; outer; middle |
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Term
Bone Conduction Stimulation:
-____ data regarding air-bone gap
-___ of conductive, mixed, or sensorineural
-Placement and pressure of bone vibrator: Posterior superior portion of ___ bone. Sufficient ___ of bone vibrator coupled to skull
-Need a low (___ Hz) high pass filter setting. If set to 100 or 150 Hz, the high pass filter will filter out ___________________. |
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Definition
| Objective; Differentiation; temporal; pressure; 30; much of the response |
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Term
Intensity:
-Manipulated most often in ___ application
-Manipulated to find ___
-Standard deviations for normal wave V latency are usually
about ___ ms at 70 dB nHL, and ___ ms at 30 dB nHL
-Generally cannot detect ABR in normal hearers at __ dB nHL
-Wider range of normal at ___ intensities |
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Definition
| clinical; threshold; 0.2; 0.3; 10; lower |
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Term
Physiologic Explanation of Intensity:
-Site of ___ membrane stimulated is related to intensity
-High intensity levels activate the cochlea nearer the ___
-Lower intensity levels activate the cochlea nearer the ___
-The ___ shift causes a shift in latency |
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Definition
| basilar; base; apex; apical |
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Term
Latency-Intensity Function:
-Graphic display of change in ___ with change in ___
-Latency of wave __ typically used
-Most ___ graphical display of clinical ABR data |
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Definition
latency; intensity V; common;
[image] |
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Term
Amplitude-Latency:
-Intensity versus loudness
-Persons with normal hearing and persons with flat cochlear hearing loss: Wave V latency has a relationship with ___
-Persons with sloping hearing loss: Wave V latency has not been shown to correlate behavioral and electrophysiological ___ functions |
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Definition
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Term
Normal Hearing Adults:
-Rates up to approximately ___/second have little effect on ABR
-As rate increases above 20/second: amplitude ___ as stimulus increases. Latency also ___ |
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Definition
| 20; Normal hearing slide; decreases; increases |
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Term
Rate – Amplitude:
-Changes in amplitude and latency effect wave components ___
-Wave __ amplitude shows less decrement with increasing rate
than earlier components
-Higher rate amplitude of wave V decreases by __-__%
-Higher rate amplitude of wave I decreases by about __% |
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Definition
| differently; V; 10-30; 50 |
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Term
Rate – Latency:
-Prolongation of latency with faster stimulus rates occurs for ___ wave components
-Prolongation greater for ___ than for ___ waves
-Rate change from 20 to 80 clicks per second increases wave V latency ___ to ___ ms
-Change is equivalent to decreasing intensity by ___ to ___ dB
-Waves __ and __ usually do not become indistinct with rates such as 80 to 100 signals/second, but waves II, III, and IV may
become less identifiable or disappear |
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Definition
| all; later; earlier; 0.4 to 0.6; 15 to 25; I; V |
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Term
Rate – Age:
-Direct relationship between ___ of the central nervous system and the effect of ___ on ABR
-Difference in latency shift with increased stimulus rate likely
due to incomplete ___ and reduced ___ efficiency |
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Definition
| maturity; rate; myelinization; synaptic |
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Term
Rate-Age: Rate has a more pronounced effect on:
-___ infants than term infants
-Children under ___ months than older children
-Older children (up to ___ years) than for adults |
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Definition
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Term
Rate-Related ABR Findings – Pathology:
-Abnormal ___ shift with increased stimulus rate
-Disappearance of ___ waves at very rapid stimulus rates
-Often ABR at conventional rate is ___ as well |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 pathologies that are affected by high stimulus rates? |
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Definition
Eighth nerve tumors
Epidermoid tumor of 4th ventricle
Head injury
Hypoxia
Multiple sclerosis |
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Term
Four factors complicate the relationship between polarity of stimulus and cochlear physiology:
-Polarity may be reversed by ear-canal ___ and/or by middle ear or inner ear ___ in its transformation from eardrum to hair cell
-The outward movement of the oval window with rarefaction clicks may be ___ than the inward displacement due to condensation clicks –and this difference may be ___ dependent
-Click stimuli with rapid onset and offset produce ___ membrane movement first one way and then the other even though polarity of a stimulus is designated by onset direction (compared to clicks with abrupt onset and gradual offset)
-Initial component of acoustic click waveform may be followed by an even ___ amplitude and ___ polarity (phase) second component with is actually effective in generating the response. Some transducers “ring” with a transient stimulus resulting in ___ polarity |
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Definition
| acoustics; mechanics; greater; intensity; basilar; larger; opposite; alternating |
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Term
| What are we measuring with an ABR? |
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Definition
Synchronous onset neuron response through the auditory
brainstem. Test of neural synchrony NOT a test of hearing |
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Term
| Relative measure (calculated in relation to other waves |
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Definition
| Interwave or interpeak latency |
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Term
| Useful to compare within ear and between ear latency information at ___ levels to assess whether a unilateral retrocochlear lesion may be present |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a test battery for ANSD? |
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Definition
| OAEs (present), ABR (abnormal), acoustic reflexes (usually absent) |
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Term
Abnormal ABR for ANSD:
-reversing polarity causes a complete ___ in waveform
-alternating polarity ___ waveform
-Only wave __ present |
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Definition
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Term
Estimating Hearing Thresholds:
-___ specific stimuli used
-___ also commonly used
-Click estimates ___-___ Hz
-Waves __ and ___ disappear
-Wave V present to ___
-dB ___ used
-Used to ___ configuration
-Used to set ___ |
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Definition
| Frequency; Click; 2000; 4000; I; III; threshold; nHL; verify; amplification |
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Term
Plops:
-Gaussian-shaped impulses centered around ___ Hz
-Lacks the ___ of a click
-Absolute latencies were ___ for plop versus click
-Absolute amplitude of wave V ___ to click
-Interwave latencies ___ to click
-Overall latency delay explained by center frequency of 1000
Hz when compared to a click because the plop activated a
more ___ region of cochlea |
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Definition
| 1000; ringing; greater; similar; similar; apical |
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Term
Chirps:
-Stimulus designed mathematically to produce simultaneous
displacement maxima along the cochlear partition by compensating for ___-___ traveling time
differences
-Chirp will optomize ___ across a broad frequency region at high and low intensity levels
-___ amplitude response when compared with standard
click (wave V amplitude as much as three times ___ than
click) |
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Definition
| frequency-dependent; synchronization; Larger; larger |
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Term
Notched Noise Chirps:
-Chirp stimuli embedded in ___ ___ centered around
frequency being assessed
-Allows a more ___ specific response from cochlea |
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Definition
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Term
Tone Bursts:
-Recorded within __ dB of the behavioral threshold for a
comparable pure-ton frequency for majority of patients with
sensory hearing loss
-__% of tone burst thresholds within 20 dB of PT thresholds with most within 10 dB
-___ and ___ 1971 – recorded to tone-burst aka tone-pip stimuli |
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Definition
| 10; 90; Williston and Jewett |
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