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| the set of global forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization's boundaries but affect a manager's ability to acquire and utilize resources |
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| the set of forces and conditions that originate with suppliers, distributors, customers, and competitors and affect an organization's ability to obtain inputs and dispose of its outputs because they influence managers on a daily basis |
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| the wide-ranging global, economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political, and legal forces that affect an organization and its task environment |
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| individuals and organizations that provide an organization with the input resources that it needs to produce goods and services |
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| the purchase of inputs from overseas suppliers or the production of inputs abroad to lower production costs and improve product quality or design |
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| organizations that help other organizations sell their goods or services to customers |
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| individuals and groups that buy the goods and services that an organization produces |
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| organizations that produce goods and services that are similar to a particular organization's goods and services |
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| organizations that presently are not in a task environment but could enter if they so choose |
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| factors that make it difficult and costly for an organization to enter a particular task environment or industry |
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| cost advantages associated with large operations |
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| customers' preference for the products of organizations currently existing in the task environment |
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| interest rates, inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and other factors that affect the general health and well-being of a nation of the regional economy of an organization |
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| the combination of skills and equipment that managers use in the design, production, and distribution of goods and services |
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| outcomes of changes in the technology that managers use to design, produce, or distribute goods and services |
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| pressures emanating from the social structure of a country or society or from the national culture |
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| the arrangement of relationships between individuals and groups in a society |
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| the set of values that a society considers important and the norms of behavior that are approved or sanctioned in that society |
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| outcomes of changes in, or changing attitudes toward, the characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, ethnic origin, race, sexual orientation, and social class |
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| Political and Legal Forces |
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| outcomes of changes in laws and regulations, such as the deregulation of industries, and privatization of organizations, and the increased emphasis on environmental protection |
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| the set of specific and general forces that work together to integrate and connect economic, political, and social systems across countries, cultures, or geographical regions so that nations become increasingly interdependent and similar |
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| a tax that a government imposes on imported or, occasionally, exported goods |
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| the idea that if each country specializes in the production of the goods and services that it can produce most efficiently, this will make the best use of global resources |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement |
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| Central American Free Trade Agreement |
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| ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, desirable, or beautiful |
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| the routine social conventions of everyday life |
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| norms that are considered to be central to the functioning of society and to social life |
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| a worldview that values individual freedom and self-expression and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their individual achievements rather than by their social background |
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| a worldview that values subordination of the individual to the goals of the group and adherence to the principle that people should be judged by their contribution to the group |
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| the degree to which societies accept the idea that inequalities in the power and well-being of their citizens are due to differences in individuals' physical and intellectual capabilities and heritage |
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| a worldview that values assertiveness, performance, success, and competition |
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| a worldview that values the quality of life, warm personal friendships, and services and care for the weak |
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| the degree to which societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk |
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| a worldview that values thrift and persistence in achieving goals |
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| a worldview that values personal stability or happiness and living for the present |
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