Term
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Definition
| two major domains: bacteria (most prokaryotes) and archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| prokaryotes that have some molecules similar to eukaryotes. they live in harsh environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| a large loop of the chromosome in the center of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| small extra loops of DNA in bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein-carbohydrate compound making up the bacterial cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane covering the cell wall in some bacteria (such as E. coli) |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to classify bacteria, involves pink and dark purple dyes |
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Term
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Definition
thick layer of peptidoglycan, no outer membrane
Stain purple |
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Term
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Definition
thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane
Stain pink |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that get energy from the sun (photosynthesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| get energy from inorganic molecules like sulfur and ammonia (the only organisms that can obtain energy from inorganic sources) |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria that use other organisms for food--absorb nutrients from dead organisms or obtain nutrients from living ones |
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Term
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Definition
Binary Fission
Produce two identical offspring
Mutations may occur |
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Term
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Definition
| in prokaryotes, algae, and fungi, a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join temporarily to recombine nuclear material |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell/organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of a bacterial gene from one bacterium to another through a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin tube that attaches between two bacterial cells and is where conjugation occors |
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Term
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Definition
a thick-walled protective spore that contains a copy of the DNA and some cytoplasm
Can survive harsh conditions
when conditions improve, endospore makes new bacteria |
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Term
| Why are viruses not alive? |
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Definition
Not made of cells
Cannot reproduce on their own
Do not grow
Do not carry out metabolic activities
Do not maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| have nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), a capsid, and sometimes tail fibers or an envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| a membranelike layer that covers the capsids of some viruses and is covered by molecules that help the virus attach to its host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus--the shape of the capsid proteins have to match the proteins on the surface of the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| help viruses inject their genetic material into host cell |
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Term
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Definition
Virus injects its genetic material into host cell
If it has DNA: transcribed into mRNA
If it has RNA: used to make more RNA, transcribed into DNA then turned into mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
1. Virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. Viral DNA combines with host cell’s DNA
Combined DNA is called a prophage
3. Host cell divides normally and produces the viral DNA along with its own
3. Prophage may enter Lytic cycle
No new viruses produced
Host cell not destroyed
Viruses whose reproduction includes the lysogenic cycle are temperate virus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Virus attaches to host cell and injects its DNA
2. New viruses are made inside the host cell
3. Cell breaks open and releases viruses
4. Cycle may repeat
New viruses produced
Host cell destroyed
Viruses that reproduce only by the lytic cycle are called virulent |
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Term
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Definition
| a single strand of RNA with no capsid. it causes disease: inside a host cell, it can make new viroids that interfere with the host cell's growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein with an abnormal shape that attaches to normal proteins in the brain and causes them to stop functioning. As a result, brain tissue is destroyed. |
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Term
| How do bacteria benefit ecosystems? |
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Definition
| produce oxygen, make nitrogen, decompose dead organisms |
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Term
| How do bacteria benefit other organisms? |
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Definition
| relationships that benefit other organisms (ex: produce vitamin K in human large intestines) |
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Term
| How do bacteria benefit industry? |
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Definition
| make food (pickles, soy sauce), produce chemicals, extract valuable minerals (mining), clean oil spills, sewage treatment |
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Term
| How do bacteria benefit scientific research? |
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Definition
| genetic research, deliver genetic material directly to target cells |
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Term
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Definition
To identify disease causing pathogens
1. Pathogen found in an animal with the disease
2. Pathogen is isolated from the sick animal and grown in a laboratory culture
3. When the isolated pathogen is injected into a healthy animal, the animal must develop the disease
4. The pathogen should be taken from the second animal, grown in the lab, and shown to be the same as the original pathogen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How do bacteria cause diseases? |
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Definition
| They produce toxins (poisonous chemicals) or destroy body tissues using enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that stops the growth of/kills bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolution of bacteria that antibiotics are unable to kill |
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Term
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Definition
| diseases that can spread directly from person to person |
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Term
| What are the consequences of antibiotic resistance? |
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Definition
| We need to develop new drugs, and keep doing so when bacteria become resistant to them |
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Term
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Definition
Only infect certain cells
Actions that bring the virus in contact with host cell can cause the disease
Symptoms can be caused by viruses’ toxic parts or the body’s reaction to the virus
Difficult to treat viral infections; hard to kill virus without harming host cell
Antibiotics do not work on viruses, vaccines used to prevent viral infection |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a harmless form of a pathogen that prepares the immune system to recognize and destroy a pathogen before it causes a disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diseases can be spread to new places or a new host when people come in contact with the virus in a new way. Environmental changes can cause a disease to emerge. An increase in antibiotic use may cause antibiotic resistant pathogens to emerge. A decrease in vaccination use may cause a disease to reemerge. |
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Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotic
membrane-bound organelles
complex cilia and flagella
gamete sexual reproduction
multicellular - specialized cells |
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Term
| Asexual reproduction in protists |
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Definition
binary fission (unicellular) - duplicates DNA, divides in half
budding (unicellular and multicellular) - part of parent purposefully pinches off and forms a new organism
fragmentation (multicellular) - part of parent unintentionally breaks off and forms a new organism |
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Term
| sexual reproduction in protists |
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Definition
Can reproduce sexually with gametes and zygotes
Many protists reproduce sexually in response to environmental stress |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick-walled protective structure that may form to protect the diploid cell from harsh conditions, when harsh conditions are over, meiosis happens and new haploid cells break out and grow |
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Term
| alteration of generations |
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Definition
An organism that can reproduce both sexually and asexually undergoes alternation of generations
Sporophyte generation - diploid, divide by meiosis to produce zoospores, divide by mitosis, grow to produce gametophytes
Gametophyte generation - haploid, divide by mitosis to produce gametes, join to make zygotes, divide by mitosis, grow to produce sporophytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the diploid, spore-producing phase of many multicellular protists |
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Term
|
Definition
| the haploid, gamete-producing phase of many multicellular protists |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another gamete to form a zygote |
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Term
| alternation of generations |
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Definition
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Term
| lytic and lysogenic cycles |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
based on how they feed (helps us understand their roles)
Fungus-like, plant-like, and animal-like |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey |
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Term
|
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic |
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Term
|
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water |
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Term
|
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic |
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Term
|
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move |
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Term
|
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water |
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Term
|
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic |
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Term
|
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic |
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Term
|
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments |
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Term
|
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass |
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Term
|
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers |
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Term
| seven diseases caused by protists |
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Definition
| giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie |
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Term
| three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans |
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Definition
| drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes |
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Term
| protists benefiting the ecosystem |
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Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey |
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Term
|
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs |
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Term
|
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic |
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Term
|
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water |
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Term
|
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic |
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Term
|
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move |
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Term
|
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water |
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Term
|
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers |
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|
Term
| seven diseases caused by protists |
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Definition
| giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie |
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Term
| three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans |
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Definition
| drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes |
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Term
| protists benefiting the ecosystem |
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Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensions of the cell membrane that many animal-like protists use to move and to capture prey |
|
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Term
|
Definition
unicellular
most can move
most can reproduce asexually
heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use pseudopodia
found in fresh water, salt water, and soils
most free-living, some parasitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paramecium
use cilia
tough, flexible outer covering
typically free-living
found in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use flagella and sometimes cilia and sometimes pseudopodia
many free-living, some parasitic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plasmodium
spore-like cells for reproduction
parasitic
cause disease
do not move |
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|
Term
|
Definition
include phytoplankton and algae
major producers in aquatic ecosystems
most use photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glassy double shells made of silica or calcium carbonate
unicellular
found in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
flagella for movement
unicellular
fresh water
some heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
typically two flagella
cellulose coats for protection
unicellular
usually salt water
some heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pigments that can absorb blue light in deep water
mostly multicellular
warm ocean environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
multicellular
found in cool ocean environments
have differentiated tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell walls contain cellulose
some unicellular, some multicellular
use same photosynthetic pigments as plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and moves in a mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb nutrients from environment
reproduce using spores
molds, mildews, etc
parasites and decomposers |
|
|
Term
| seven diseases caused by protists |
|
Definition
| giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis, trichomoniasis, cryptosporidiosis, chagas' disease, malarie |
|
|
Term
| three ways disease-causing protists can infect humans |
|
Definition
| drinking water, eating undercooked meat, mosquitoes |
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|
Term
| protists benefiting the ecosystem |
|
Definition
make up most plankton in oceans (base of food chains there)
decomposers releasing nutrients
symbiotic protists (15% of all species on earth) help out other species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid increase in population of algae in an ecosystem, which uses up oxygen when it dies and is decomposed, and releases toxins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thickener in foods, gelatin capsulues in medicine, paints, fire-fighting foam, cosmetis, abrasives in cleaning agents and toothpastes, reflective roadway paint, insect control, scientific study |
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Term
| common characteristics of fungi |
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Definition
| threadlike bodies, cell walls make of chitin, absorb nutrients from the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
long, thin filaments making up fungi
main body is made of loosely tangled hyphae, reproductive structures made of tightly arranged hyphae |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tough carbohydrate forming part of the cell walls of fungi |
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Term
| How does the structure of a fungus help it absorb nutrients? |
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Definition
long, thin hyphae give fungi a large surface area to absorb nutrients through
they break down materials using enzymes and then absorb the nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organism that absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| the mass of hyphae that forms the body of a fungus |
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Term
|
Definition
| in fungi, a rootlike structure that holds the organism in place and aids in absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain many cells that either don't have cell walls or have partial cell walls, allowing cytoplasm, nutrients, and organelles to flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| partial cell walls with large gaps, located in hyphae |
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Term
|
Definition
| fungi without an observed sexual stage |
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Term
| asexual reproduction in fungi |
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Definition
specialized hyphae form long stalks
haploid spores are produced using mitosis at the tips of the stalks
fungi growing from these are genetically identical to the parent |
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Term
| sexual reproduction in fungi |
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Definition
hyphae from two fungi (one positive, one negative) fuse and form a reproductive structure
haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid nuclei
these undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores |
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Term
|
Definition
| a unicellular state of a fungus that reproduces by budding (a part of a parent cell pinches off to form a new, identical cell) |
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Term
|
Definition
| chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota |
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Term
|
Definition
| chytrids, zygote fungi, sac fungi, club fungi |
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Term
| how do you make a plumber sad? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do scientists classify fungi? |
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Definition
| by their types of sexual reproductive structures |
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Term
|
Definition
Reproduce by producing spores or gametes with flagella
Many things in common with protists: live mostly in water, most have flagella, most unicellular
Many things in common with fungi:
chitin in cell walls, digest food outside bodies, have hyphae
Mainly saprobes, some parasitic
May have evolved from water protists that have flagella |
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Term
|
Definition
Use a tough outer covering to protect zygotes
Reproduce sexually or asexually, mostly asexually
Sexual reproduction -
“+” and “-” mating types fuse
zygosporangium formed
when conditions are good, zygosporangium germinates and forms a sporangium
sporangium releases haploid spores
Asexual reproduction - haploid spores produced by meiosis inside a sporangium
Most feed on decaying plant matter, some can cause cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
Sexually and asexually, mostly asexually
Sexual reproduction -
“+” and “-” hyphae fuse
dikaryotic hyphae formed
hyphae form an ascocarp
asci form in the ascocarp
in asci, nuclei fuse to make diploid zygotes which undergo meiosis to make spores
Asexual reproduction - produce spores called conidia by mitosis that forms on specialized hyphae called conidiophores |
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Term
|
Definition
Almost never reproduce asexually
Reproduction -
“+” and “-” fuse
basidiocarp (like a mushroom) formed
produces a basidium which produces spores |
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Term
| How do fungi cause diseases in humans? |
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Definition
| Fungi cause diseases in humans by absorbing nutrients from the tissues and producing toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sexual structure that is formed by the fusion of two gametangia and that contains one ore more zygotes that resulted from the fusion of gametes produced by the gametangia |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a structure with dikaryotic cells that is full of zygotes
in sac fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| the spore sac where ascomycetes produce ascospores |
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Term
|
Definition
| spores produced by mitosis in sac fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structure that produces asexual spores in club fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mass of fungal and algal cells that grow together in a symbiotic relationship and that are usually found on rocks or trees (fungus provides protection, vitamins, and minerals; algae supplies carbohydrates) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots (hyphae bring minerals to roots, plant supplies carbohydrates to fungus) |
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Term
|
Definition
Food: mushrooms, yeast, alcohol, blue cheese
Medicine and medical research
Alternative fuel: gasohol creates less pollution than gasoline
Pest control: fungi can kill harmful pests |
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Term
|
Definition
Decompose organisms and release nutrients into environment
One of the only organisms that can break down wood
Break down rocks and release nutrients into environment
Mycorrhizae bring minerals from soil to plant roots |
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Term
|
Definition
fungi that infect the skin, hair, or nails
cause toenail fungus, ringworm, and athlete's foot |
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Term
|
Definition
fungal disease
if antibiotics, hormones or illness cause the yeast in the body to grow too much, occurs in mouth and reproductive organs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
fungal disease
if humans breath in spores from a fungus that grows on bat and bird feces, causes a serious respiratory disease |
|
|
Term
| Why are fungal diseases difficult to cure? |
|
Definition
| Fungal diseases can be difficult to cure because they are inside the host’s tissue, surface treatments can relieve symptoms, oral medication can cure but cause damage to liver or other organs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
toxins created by a specific fungus
causes liver cancer |
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