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| Deflates players and events deemed overhyped (i.e. exposed “pretenders”) |
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| Promoted ideas of inflated heroes in sports |
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• Civil War Hero
• Myth: Organized the first game of baseball at Cooperstown, NY in 1839
• A moment of invention that would mark the game as American was very important to early organizers |
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• Bookseller and volunteer firefighter in NY who organized the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club in 1842
• Reorganized town ball under the Knickerbocker rules
• First game under the new rules played in the Elysian Fields in Hoboken, NJ on June 1846 (though there may have been earlier games under similar rules in 1845)
• Knickerbockers lost to New York Nine 23-1 |
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• Teams of nine players
• Four bases laid out equidistant as a diamond with distinctions between fair and fould territory
• Ball must be “pitched” underhand (no strike zone)
• Three strikes, you’re out
• Three outs ends half inning
• No “soaking” |
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| • Hitting a runner with a thrown ball forces them out (like kickball) |
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• Pitched for the Boston Red Stockings, retired at 28 to pursue career as sporting goods mogul
• Founded Spalding Sporting Goods in Chicago, began manufacturing gloves and balls, and promoted their sale by promoting the game
• 1888-1889 Spalding organized a world tour to spread baseballs popularity |
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• Book published by AG Spalding to make the case for a distinctively “American” game
• Constructed the Doubleday myth about baseball’s origins in order to enhance the qualities Spalding thought were particularly “American” |
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| First professional team in baseball |
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| National Association of Professional Base Ball Players |
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| Short lived (1871-1875) lots of unstable clubs |
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| National League of Professional Baseball Clubs |
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• 1876-Present
• Organized by William Hubert, officer for the Chicago White Stockings
• Run by owners, not players |
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• Formed in 1882 to compete with the National League
• The “Beer and Whiskey League” |
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| Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players |
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• Founded in 1885 by John Montgomery Ward
• A union of players, not owners
• After a failed attempt to negotiate with the owners Ward organized a rival league with no reserve clause and a profit sharing plan
• The league drew well, but team owners grew nervous when profits did not match expectations. Many sold their teams to the National League |
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| • The process by which the ruling group in a society gains consent from subjugated groups regarding the existing social, political and cultural arrangements |
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| • The idea that men, especially white men, maintain dominant social roles over women. |
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| • The prevailing ideology, granting advantages to whites over non-whites and men over women in both political and popular culture |
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• Women come to be associated with the virtues of piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity
• Women imagined to have moralizing, refining effect on men
• Understood to complement the male sphere of activity, economy, politics, and war. |
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• Developed in the 1880s by men as an indoor alternative to baseball
• To distinguish softball from baseball, it was given feminized names like “Nancyball” or “Kittenball” or “Sissyball” to distinguish from the supposedly masculine baseball. |
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• Sued for the right to play little league baseball, which was then exclusively for boys
• Little League fought the attempt in court, arguing that girl’s bones would be broken more easily than boys, and that participation might lead to breast cancer
• After losing the suit, NJ shut down its Little League for a full year. By the time they relaunched, Pepe was too old to play. |
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• Signed by the Chattanooga Lookouts in 1931
• Struck out Babe Ruth on a called third strike during an exhibition game. Ruth angrily protested the call and later said:
o “I don’t know whats going to happen if they begin to let women in baseball. Of course, they will never make good. Why? Because they are too delicate. It would kill them to play ball every day.”
• She then struck out the next batter, Lou Gehrig.
• Days later, her contract was voided by baseball commissioner Kennesaw Mountain Landis, who declared baseball was “too strenuous” for women
• Mitchell continued to barnstorm for many years. |
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| All-American Girls Professional Baseball League |
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• Formed in 1943 and lasted until 1954
• Played in smaller Midwestern cities
• Players had to appear “feminine,” played in skirts and by different rules
• In 1952 Major League Baseball banned women from playing at any level, that ban lasted until 1992 (An owner, as a no-faith action, drafted his daughter in a late round) |
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• Development leagues for Caribbean players.
• Athletes are paid far less than US counterparts, receive no health insurance, and lack professional medical staffs.
• Less than 3% of academy players make the major leagues |
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| Talent scouts/agents who tout young (dominican) baseball players at the cost of a percentage of their future earnings. |
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• Allowed a team to reserve the players if they could not agree to a contract
• Applied on a limited basis in 1879, was later expanded
• Forbade players from negotiating with any other team besides the one to which they were already contracted
• Survived for nearly 100 years |
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• Hired in 1966 by the MLBPA
• 1968: Miller negotiates the first collective bargaining agreement with owners, raising the minimum salary from $6,000 (about $40k in 2013 USD) to $10,000 ($68k)
• 1970 CBA included arbitration to resolve contract disputes |
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• One of the best centerfielders in the game, Flood was a mainstay of the St. Louis teams of the 1960s
• He was extremely well-read and racially conscious
• When St. Louis traded him to the Philadelphia Phillies he refused to go.
• He wrote to Bowie Kuhn, demanding to be declared a free agent: “I do not feel I am a piece of property to be bought and sold irrespective of my wishes. I believe that any system which produces that result violates my basic rights as a citizen and is inconsistent with the laws of the United States and of the several States.”
• Flood framed his struggle against the reserve clause as a civil rights issue |
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• In January 1970, Flood filed a $1 million lawsuit against Commissioner Kuhn for violating anti-trust laws
• The case reached the Supreme Court, where a 5-3 majority voted to uphold baseball’s antitrust exemption, and thus deny Flood’s claim |
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| Dave McNally & Andy Messersmith |
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Definition
• Agreed to forego signing contracts in 1971 and took their dispute to arbitration
• Arbitrator Peter Seitz agreed that the players were now free agents |
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• Decided that Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally’s arbitration made them free agents
• MLB appealed the ruling, but lost
• The league agreed to a new agreement with the Players Association that players would be eligible for free agency after six years of service |
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• Claude Lueker, a disabled man, called Cobb the N word – Cobb proceeded to climb into the stands and beat him severely
• AL Commissioner Ban Johnson suspended Cobb indefinitely
• Cobb’s teammates went on strike, protesting the ban. The replacement Tigers lost 2402
• Cobb urged the team to return and Johnson reduced the ban to 10 games |
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• In 1922 Ruth barnstormed in the offseason, in defiance of the Commissioner and was suspended for 39 games
• Later that year, Ruth argued with fans and umpires and chased a heckler into a crowd at the Polo Grounds – was suspended for a third of the season
• 1925, showed up to camp 30 pounds overweight, with his marriage in tatters, and often drunk |
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| "The Bellyache Heard Round the World" |
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o Hospitalized on April 7th for major intestinal surgery
o Many speculated it was venereal disease, London papers reported he had died.
o Hospitalized for seven weeks
o Limited to 98 games
o Yankees finished 68-85 |
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• Tried to find advantages in the talent market before – invented the minor system in the 1920s
• Integration was opposed explicitly or tacitly by the entire press corps, with the exception of Lester Rodney, who wrote for the communist newspaper The Daily Worker
• Rickey signed Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers for the 1947 season |
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• Person or group of people portrayed in media as “outsiders” or “deviants”
• In baseball, blacks were portrayed this way |
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• Attempts to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm
• In baseball, white managers and journalists used their power to shape their message against blacks being in baseball. |
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• First Black player to rise to AAA in the Phillies organization
• Allen’s complaints about the racist treatment to which he was subjected were dismissed by his manager who told the papers, “They say worse things to white ballplayers. Richie is sensitive and self-centered” |
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• Early on, Allen clashed with fan favorite Frank Thomas after Thomas had regularly taunted Black players.
• In July, Thomas called Allen “Muhammad Clay” or “Richie X” and Allen punched him in the jaw. Thomas then hit Allen with his bat.
• Thomas was traded and immediately told his version to the press. Allen was forbidden from speaking about the incident. |
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• 1985: A drug ring busted in Pittsburgh resulted in testimony from clients who included several major league players, including stars Dave Parker, Tim Raines, Jeffery Leonard, Lonnie Smith, and Keith Hernandez
• Baseball suspended 11 players including 7 for a full season
o This penalty was subject to negotiation if players got “on board” with the leagues anti-drug program at the time |
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| 2005-2006 steroid scandal that lead to the Mitchell Report |
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| 2013: Biogenesis scandal results in 14 suspensions, including lengthy suspensions to Alex Rodriguez and Ryan Braun. |
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• Threatened he would not play against a black man
• When a rumor spread that the NY Giants were about to sign pitcher George Stovey, Anson stated that neither he nor his team would ever play a team with a Black player.
• Faced with this possible labor revolt, the owners agreed to sign black players in the future no matter their ability.
• The other leagues soon followed suit |
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• The first Latino in the major leagues
• Took advantage of weak management structure during his first three years in the league |
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• First Mexican American in the majors
• Tried to hide his heritage as Spanish while in San Francisco, but was promoted as a Spaniard in Providence |
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| • A team of black men using Latino identity to gesture to the ambiguity of race |
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• First Black man in baseball.
• From Cooperstown, NY signed with a team from New Castle, PA
• Career ultimately fizzled: “If I had not been quite so black, I might have caught on as a Spaniard or something of that kind… My skin is against me.” |
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• Black pitcher in the late 1800’s who was going to be acquired by the New York Giants
• Cap Anson stopped the arrangement
• Began the “gentlemen’s agreement” |
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• Made it with a major league team in 1884 when he played for Toledo of the American Association.
• Was threated by 75 fans that he would be attacked if he played their
• Sporting News ridiculed him as “inferior in education, refinement and manliness” |
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