Term
| How many Americans as a % smoke ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What % of smokers see a physician each year ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A physician's advice to quit increases smoking cessation rates by how much ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two trt approaches to smoking cessation ? |
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Definition
Pharmacotherapy
Counseling (CBT therapies)
Combo of the two above results in the highest rates of cessation |
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Term
| Are NRTs (nicotine replacement therapies) helpful in smoking cessation ? |
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Definition
| NRTs appear to help people quit, but this is not enough in longer run to prevent relapse |
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Term
| What are the 5 stages of the "Stages of Change Model" ? |
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Definition
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance |
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Term
| Fagerstrom Test is for what ? |
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Definition
Nicotine Dependence
Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) |
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Term
| NRTs not recommended if ? (3 reasons) |
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Definition
1) Few withdrawal symptoms
2) Relapse > 2 weeks
3) Low FTND |
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Term
| NRTs are recommended when ? |
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Definition
1) History of withdrawal symptoms
2) Relapse < 1 week
3) High FTND |
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Term
| 3 parts of the Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) ? |
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Definition
Self-blame
Guilt
Loss of confidence |
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Term
| What is Motivational Interviewing ? |
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Definition
Aimed at assisting the pt. in moving from one stage of change to another
4 parts to it: (RDEE)
Roll with the resistance
Develop discrepancy
Express empathy
Enhance self-efficacy |
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Term
| Characteristics of Psychodynamic Theory ? |
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Definition
Emphasis on unconscious conflict b/w biological drives and society's mores
Early childhood experiences are critical
Psychopathology results when such intrapsychic conflict is not adequately resolved |
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Term
| In Psychodynamic Theory, what are the 3 parts of the mind ? |
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Definition
The Id (Pleasure Principle or Libido)
The Ego (The Reality Principle)
The Superego (The Conscience) |
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Term
| In Psychodynamic Theory, what are the 3 parts of the mind ? |
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Definition
The Id (Pleasure Principle or Libido)
The Ego (The Reality Principle)
The Superego (The Conscience) |
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Term
| What are defense mechanisms ? |
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Definition
Part of Psychodynamic Theory
Are unconscious and distort reality
When unacceptable drive or impulse occurs, they shield us from emotional pain and protect our self-esteem |
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Term
| When does psychopathology occur according to Psychodynamic Theory ? |
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Definition
They result when defense mechanisms are ineffective
This results in the symptoms of different mental disorders |
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Term
| Freud called these disorders neuroses (list 3 of them) ? |
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Definition
Anxiety Disorders (ex: phobias, OCD)
Dossociative Disorders
Somatoform Disorders |
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Term
| For Freud, the critical period of development is ... |
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Definition
early childhood
If needs are not adequately satisfied during this period, fixation occurs |
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Term
| Freud relied on what two techniques to probe the unconscious ? |
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Definition
Free Association
Dream Analysis |
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Term
| Characteristics of Free Association ? |
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Definition
Based on principle of psychic determinism
Interpretation
Resistance
Insight |
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Term
| Some insight into unconscious process can also be gained through what two methods? |
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Definition
Analysis of Transferance - How the patient relates to the analyst gives us an idea of past relationships
Analysis of Resistance - Areas of the patient's past that he/she finds most difficult to deal with |
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Term
| Definition of a test in psychological testing ? |
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Definition
| A test is a sample of behavior |
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Term
| 2 properties of psychological tests ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tells how consistent a test is
Underlying concept is error
There are 4 methods to assess this |
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Term
| What are 4 methods to assess reliability ? |
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Definition
1) Test-Retest Method ("r" = the reliability coefficient)
2) Alternate Forms Method
3) Internal Consistency Method
4) Inter-scorer (inter-rater) Method |
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure |
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Term
| What are the 2 main types of validity ? |
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Definition
Content Validity - Are test items representative of the domain sampled ?
Criterion-related validity (r = validity coeff) - How well do test results correlate with a direct and independent measure
2 subtypes of criterion-related validity are:
Predictive Validity
Concurrent Validity |
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Term
Exs of Predictive Validity and
Concurrent Validity ? |
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Definition
Predictive Validity
Test: MCAT
Criterion: Final Med School GPA
Concurrent Validity
Test: HAM-D
Criterion: Clinician's Ratings of Depression |
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Term
| Some types of psychological tests ? |
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Definition
Intellectual ability
Aptitude
Achievement
Personality
Neuropsych Batteries
Vocational/Interest Inventories |
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Term
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Definition
Considered innate capacity for learning
Around 70 % is inherited
Highly correlated with educational achievement
Tests are culturally-specific |
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Term
| Any connection b/w mental disorders and IQ ? |
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Definition
| Mental disorders are spread through all ranges of IQ |
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Term
| 3 characteristics about IQ (Intelligence Quotient) ? |
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Definition
1) Not absolute, but a comparison among people
2) Stable throughout adulthood, but fluctuates in teens
3) Mean 100 and SD 15 |
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Term
| 2 types of personality tests ? |
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Definition
1) Objective - Objective question format, norms and standardized
Ex: MMPI-2
2) Projective - Subjective format and scoring
Ex: Rorschach |
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Term
| What is the most commonly used personality inventory in U.S. ? |
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Definition
MMPI-2
Developed using "empiricial criterion keying"
Useful in assessing personality variables with physical symptoms in response to emotional stress
An example of a global objective personality test
Has 10 clinical scales
And 2 Validity Scales (F Scale and L Scale) |
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Term
| What is becoming the "gold standard" to assess depression ? |
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Definition
HAM-D
Here, clinician rates symptoms |
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Term
| 4 problems with projective personality tests ? |
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Definition
Ambiguous test stimuli
Subjective scoring
Lower reliability
Validity: difficult to demonstrate |
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Term
| What does the Projective Hypothesis say ? |
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Definition
| Stimuli from environment (including test stimuli) are interpreted according to person's needs, motives, and unconscious conflicts |
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Term
| Two exs) of projective tests ? |
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Definition
The Rorschach
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) |
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