Term
| information processing model |
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Definition
- thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage of stimuli
- stimuli must be analyzed by the brain (rather than responded to automatically) to be useful in decision making
- Decisions made in one situation can be extrapolated and adjusted to help solve new problems (also called situational modification)
- problem-solving is dependent not only on the person's cognitive level, but also on the context and complexity of the problem
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Term
| What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive devlopment? |
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Definition
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational |
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Term
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Definition
| organized patterns of behavior and thought |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of classifying new information into existing schemata |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which existing schemata are modified to encompass this new information |
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Term
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Definition
1st stage in Piaget's
- child learns to manipulate physical environment to meet needs
- ages 0 to about 2
- ends when child develops object permanence
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Term
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Definition
| the creation of mental representations of external objects and events |
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Term
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Definition
2nd stage in Piaget's
- 2 to 7 years
- symbolic thinking - the ability to pretend, play make-believe and have an imagination
- egocentrism - the inability to imagine what another person may think or feel
- centration - the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
3rd stage of Piaget's
- 7 to 11 years
- can consider perspectives of others
- can engage in logical thought so long as it is with concrete objects or directly available information
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Term
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Definition
4th stage of Piaget's
- starts around 11 years
- ability to think logically about abstract ideas
- ability to problem solve
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Term
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Definition
| problem-solving skills; peaks in early adulthood, declines with age |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| ues of learned skills and knowledge; peaks in middle adulthood, declines with age |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to approach similar problems in the same way |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner |
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Term
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Definition
| problem solving approach that tries various solutions until one works |
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Term
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Definition
| type of problem solving that uses a formula or procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| top-down reasoning; starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the info given |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom-up reasoning; start with specific instances and creates a theory via generalizations |
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Term
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Definition
| simplified principles used to make decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| decision making shortcut based on how easily similar instances can be imagined |
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Term
| representativeness heuristic |
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Definition
| categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category |
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Term
| disconfirmation principle |
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Definition
| throw out a solution that does not work based on evidence from testing it |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to focus on information that fits an individual's beliefs, while rejecting info that goes against them |
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Term
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Definition
| "gut feeling" regarding a situation that can be attributed to experience with similar situations |
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Term
| What are the four states of conciousness? |
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Definition
- Alertness
- Sleeping
- Dreaming
- Altered states of consciousness
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Term
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Definition
- Stage 1 - theta waves, slow wave frequency
- Stage 2 - theta waves, sleep spindles, K complexes
- Stages 3 and 4 - slow-wave sleep, low frequency high-voltage delta waves
- REM - body functions mimic wakefulness, muscles are paralyzed
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Term
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Definition
- high frequency that occur when alert or thinking
- slower and occur when awake but relaxing
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Term
| What are the 3 main dream theories? |
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Definition
- activation-synthesis - dreams are widespread, random activation of neural circuitry
- problem-solving - dreams are a way to solve problems while sleeping
- cognitive process - dreams are sleeping counterpart to stream of consciousness
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Term
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Definition
disorder that makes it difficult to fall asleep, stay asleep, or avoid sleep
- insomnia
- narcolepsy
- sleep apnea
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Term
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Definition
disorder with abnormal movements during sleep
- night terrors
- sleep walking (somnambulism)
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Term
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Definition
reduce nervous system activity, resulting in a sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety
- alcohol - ↑ GABA activity, ↓ inhibition
- barbiturates and benzodiazapenes - ↑ GABA activity
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Term
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Definition
cause an increase in arousal of the nervous system, all drugs increase frequency of action potentials
- amphetamines - ↑ in dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and ↓ reuptake
- cocaine - ↓ reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
- ecstasy - similar mechanism
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Term
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Definition
| mediates drug addiction and dopamine is main neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to perform mutliple tasks at the same time |
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Term
| Describe the 5 basic components of language |
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Definition
- phonology - the actual sound of speech
- morphology - the building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization, past tense, etc.
- semantics - the meaning of words
- syntax - the rules dictating word order
- pragmatics - the changes in language delivery depending on content
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Term
| nativist theory of language |
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Definition
| describes language acquisition as being innate |
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Term
| learning theory of language |
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Definition
| language acquisition occurs through operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers |
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Term
| social interactionist theory of language |
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Definition
| explains language acquisition as being caused by the desire to communicate and interact with others |
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Term
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Definition
| aka linguistic relativity hypothesis - states that the lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language |
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Term
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Definition
| controls motor function of speech, located in dominant hemisphere of frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| language comprehension, located in temporal lobe |
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