Term
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Definition
-based on the sequence in which they have accumulated
-reveal ancestral characteristics that may of been lost over time
-fossil dates provide minimum estimates of the age of a taxon |
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Term
| Morphological and Molecular Homologies |
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Definition
| organisms that share similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related |
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Term
| Potential source of error in reconstructing relationships |
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Definition
| -due to Convergent evolution (analogy) rather than shared ancestry |
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Term
| Analogous (convergent) characteristics |
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Definition
-occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages
-evolved independetly
-bat and bird wings
-marsupial mole vs placental mole or Humans vs Kangaroo
-also called homoplasies |
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Term
| Homologus characteristics |
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Definition
held in common by a group due to shared ancestry
-human, cat, whale, and bat bones |
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Term
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Definition
| found using computer programs that separate chance homoplasies, from similarities that imply relationships |
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Term
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Definition
connect classification with evolutionary history
-informs the construction of phylogenetic trees on shared homologous characteristics |
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Term
| 3 types of phylogenetic trees |
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Definition
| cladograms, phylograms, ultrametric trees |
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Term
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Definition
| ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences |
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Term
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Definition
| two-part format of the scientific name of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
-created binomial nomenclature
-also introduced a system for grouping species in increasingly broad categories (Hierarchical Classification) |
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Term
| List the categories of Taxonomic hierarchy |
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Definition
| Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Term
| Each branch point of a branching phylogenetic trees represent: |
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Definition
divergence of two lineages
-deeper branch points represent progressively greater amounts of divergence |
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Term
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Definition
-imply the relative order of divergences of taxa, but provide no information about the amount of change, or the time-depth of various events
-depiction of shared ancestries among taxa |
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Term
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Definition
group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants
-can be nested within larger clades, but not all groupings or organisms qualify as clades
-defined by their evolutionary novelties in phylogenetic analysis |
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Term
| Monophyletic group (clade) |
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Definition
contains the common ancestor and all of its descendants
-only monophyletic groups qualify as legitimate clade
-ex. mammalia, aves, angiosperms, insects, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
contains a common ancestor and some but not all descendants
-ex. dinosaur, fish, gymnosperms |
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Term
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Definition
contains taxa with different ancestors
ex. marine mammals, flying vertebrates, trees |
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Term
| Shared ancestral character |
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Definition
| originated in an ancestor of the taxon or group |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
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Term
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Definition
| species or group of species that is closely related to the in-group |
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Term
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Definition
| the species being studied |
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Term
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Definition
based on the assumption that homologies present in both the outgrip and in-group must be primitive characters that predate the divergence of both groups from a common ancestor
-helps determine the direction and order of character state change |
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Term
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Definition
| length of a branch reflects number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in that lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| branching pattern same as in phylogram, but branch length represents an estimate of time |
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Term
| Principle of Maximum Parsimony |
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Definition
| most parsimonious tree is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary events to have occured |
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Term
| Principle of Maximum Likelihood |
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Definition
| given a certain hypothesis about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that maximizes the likelihood of the observed data (this tree reflects most likely sequence of evolutionary events |
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Term
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Definition
suggested that rates of molecular change (DNA or amino acid substitution) might be relatively constant among different organisms (Molecular Clocks)
-if so there will be correlation between amount of divergence and time since divergence |
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Term
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Definition
evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection
-rate of molecular change in these genes and proteins should be like a clock |
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Term
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Definition
-Phylogenetic analysis shows that it descended from viruses that infect chimpanzees and other primates
-Bush meat trade usual hypothesis however Hooper suggested that it originated from early polio vaccines since they may have been created using chimpanzee cells
-virus evolved in clocklike fashion |
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Term
| Similar Fish in Africa and South America Possibilities: |
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Definition
-independent evolution of similar assemblages of fish on each continent
-long-distance dispersal brought similar forms to each continent
-Vicariance (splitting by geographic barrier): separation of the continents yielded split populations |
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